PHIL-215 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: If And Only If

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23 Nov 2016
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The (cid:271)asi(cid:272) idea (cid:271)ehi(cid:374)d the (cid:272)ausal theo(cid:396)(cid:455) of k(cid:374)o(cid:449)ledge: i(cid:374) o(cid:396)de(cid:396) ha(cid:448)e k(cid:374)o(cid:449)ledge, o(cid:374)e(cid:859)s (cid:271)elief that thi(cid:374)gs are thus-and-so (cid:373)ust (cid:271)e (cid:272)aused (cid:271)(cid:455) thi(cid:374)gs(cid:859) a(cid:272)tuall(cid:455) (cid:271)ei(cid:374)g thus-and-so. The si(cid:373)plest (cid:448)e(cid:396)sio(cid:374) of su(cid:272)h a p(cid:396)oposal is: k(cid:374)o(cid:449)s that p iff (cid:859)s (cid:271)elief that p is (cid:272)aused (cid:271)(cid:455) the fa(cid:272)t that p. Gold(cid:373)a(cid:374)(cid:859)s p(cid:396)oposal (cid:894)see p. (cid:1007)(cid:1010)9(cid:895) is slightl(cid:455) (cid:373)o(cid:396)e (cid:272)o(cid:373)pli(cid:272)ated tha(cid:374) that: the (cid:272)ausal theo(cid:396)(cid:455) of k(cid:374)o(cid:449)ledge: K(cid:374)o(cid:449)s that p iff (cid:859)s (cid:271)elief that p is (cid:272)ausally connected in an appropriate way with the fact that p. Note that gold(cid:373)a(cid:374) o(cid:374)l(cid:455) i(cid:374)te(cid:374)ds this a(cid:374)al(cid:455)sis to appl(cid:455) to ou(cid:396) k(cid:374)o(cid:449)ledge of e(cid:373)pi(cid:396)i(cid:272)al p(cid:396)opositio(cid:374)s: (cid:862)i thi(cid:374)k that the t(cid:396)aditio(cid:374)al a(cid:374)al(cid:455)sis is ade(cid:395)uate fo(cid:396) k(cid:374)o(cid:449)ledge of (cid:374)o(cid:374)e(cid:373)pi(cid:396)i(cid:272)al t(cid:396)uths(cid:863) (cid:894)p. (cid:1007)57). An example of a causal connections that does not count as appropriate: blow to the head: james slips on the ice outside and falls, hitting his head.

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