PSYC-212 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Convenience Sampling, Observational Error, Simple Random Sample
Chapter 4: The Psychological Toolbox
•Research Question —> Research Design —-> Findings/Answers —-> Sharing/Publish Data
•Basic steps:
•Select a design based on research goals
•pick the right measures
•recruit participants (sampling)
•Picking the Right design
•Non experimental Design
•to answer the ‘what’ ‘who’ ‘how much’ ‘how often’ questions
•Quasi-experimental designs
•when it’s not possible (or is unethical) to manipulate an independent variable - quasi
experimental variable (e.g. gender)
•True Experimental Designs
•to answer the ‘why’ questions
•required to pick a true experimental design for our research proposal
Types of Measures (dependent variables)
•Attitudinal measures - self report
•behavioural measures - trace, observation, choice
•cognitive measures (e.g. measuring memory recall)
•physiological measures (e.g. measuring heart rate) - correlation
Document Summary
Types of measures (dependent variables: attitudinal measures - self report, behavioural measures - trace, observation, choice, cognitive measures (e. g. measuring memory recall, physiological measures (e. g. measuring heart rate) - correlation. Types of measurements: percent correct, frequency of response, degree of response. Evaluating behavioural measures: advantages, any demand characteristics, no social desirability, disadvantages, participant reactivity, unobtrusive measures, gets rid of participant reactivity/mostly social desirability, not aware that they"re being observed, not ethically correct, bad at forecasting our future. Raw score = true score + error: types of error, random error - stats methods to reduce this, bias (systematic error) - need to reduce this more. Strategies for minimizing error: standardize the experimental situation - should get same instructions in the same order, timing should be the same (such as time of day, reduce observer or scorer bias, avoid measurement bias. The elements in each cluster are then sampled.