SOCI-321 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Public Safety Canada, Gang, Young Offenders Act

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18 Jun 2018
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SOCI 321 – Chapter 4 – The Social Face of Youth Crime
Race and Ethnicity
Ethnicity: A person's group of origin based on culture or ancestors
SES: Similar social class; social standing and position
Media focuses a lot on race and ethnicity, especially when it comes to YC
Federal statistics do not provide information of race or ethnicity when it comes to crime
oCan be an issue when it comes to implementing policy
For many youth, the way out of poverty is through athletics and scholarships
Youth Gangs
Very few youth gangs that are particularly homogeneous to a specific race or ethnicity
oHighest rate was among students from disadvantaged communities
oIt is not about race or ethnicity; but more likely correlated with SES background
Participation of youth in youth gangs is distorted by Media and public officials
Public safety Canada: Reported in 2000 about the ethnicity of individuals who are most often
involved in youth gangs
oGives a highly subjective definition of a gang, which is not reliable or valid
oPeople were asked to estimate the amount of individuals that belonged to a particular
ethnicity
Aboriginal Youth
High suicide rates
oWas reported to be 6x higher than suicide rates of non-aboriginal youth
Sniffing gas
Aboriginal males are 3-4x more likely to end up in jail than to graduate
oGrade 9 is about as far as most of the population goes
oLevel of functional literacy is around grade 6
*Book: Bad Medicine, John Reilly
oStory of his journey and discoveries: Rampant criminality and corruption of Chiefs of the
Aboriginal reserves
Age
Being 18 as an adult is completely arbitrary and varies among provinces
YCJA defines youth as being under 18
Criminal activity increases with age
Young people who get involved in criminal activity at a young age, frequency and severity
increases as they age up to around 25, and then either plateaus or starts to decrease or comes to
an end
Gender
Increase under YOA in offences committed by girls (as compared to JDA)
Look at the ratio of crimes by females vs ratio of crimes by males
oThis relationship shrunk after the implementation of YOA
Biggest increase, especially for females, was offences against the administration of justice (ex.
Failure to comply with an order)
Boys are more likely to be strangers to their victims, and to use weapons, than girls
Women are less likely to continue criminal behaviour into adulthood than are males
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