ANSC 433 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Bran, Distillers Grains, Beet Pulp
23 May 2018
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16. ANSC 433: Animal Nutrition & Metabolism 1
Feedstuffs, Energy Feeds & Protein Supplements
Energy Feeds
- Feeds in this category contain:
o Less than 18% crude fiber
o Have a protein content of less than 20%
o Roughages, forages and pastures have CP higher than 20
- Primarily include:
o Cereal grains (e.g. corn, barley)
o Grain milling by-product feeds (e.g. corn hominy feed, wheat bran)
o Root and tubers (e.g. potatoes)
o Food (fuel) processing by-products (e.g. olasses, brewers ad distiller’s by-products, beet and citrus pulp)
o When talking about concentrates, generally mean energy concentrates
- These are fed to ruminants and herbivores to increase energy density of their diets, and to nonruminants as the primary source of energy
- The cereal grains are very low in crude fiber, with aa range of being about 2-10%
o The lower the fiber levels, the higher the energy content tends to be
- The energy values of grains is high, with the TDN as high as 90% on a dry-matter basis
o These values are high because of the high starch content, low fiber content and high digestibility
- Energy feeds are by definition below 20% in crude protein content
- The protein digestibility ranges from 50-80%, but the protein quality is generally poor
o This is because the essential amino acid content is poor in grains
Cereal Grains
- Primary grains fed to livestock: corn, barley, oats and sorghum
- Barley is fed in limited amounts; mainly used in brewing and distilling industry
- Wheat and rice are consumed primarily by humans
- Other grains are rye and triticale
- Grain milling by-products are important feeds for animals
- Minerals are typically low in cereal grains
General Structure
- Hull: fiber, protect seed from mechanical abrasion and pathogens
- Bran: y-product of dry milling of grains
- Endosperm: can be horny, corneous, hard, floury or soft too, names =
arrangement of granules inside, mostly starch)
- Germ (embryo) = oil, high in protein and other nutrients required for
sprouting of seed
Chemical Composition of Grains (%DM)
Item
Corn, dent
Barley
Oats
Wheat
Crude protein
10.4
13.3
12.8
14.2
Ether extract
4.6
1.7
2.0
4.7
Starch
72
65
41
63
Crude fibre
2.5
6.3
12.2
2.3
Lysine
0.18
0.6
0.4
0.43
Corn Grain
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16. ANSC 433: Animal Nutrition & Metabolism 2
- Corn is classified as (flavours):
o Dent (mostly used in livestock; has dent in side and bottom as starch shrinks during drying), sweet, pop, flint, flour, waxy and
pod
o Sweet pop and flour = mostly for us
o Popcorn has a husk in each piece
- Corn is regarded as best feed grain because:
o Highest energy yield per unit land
o High digestible energy content
o Very palatable
o Contains no intrinsic deleterious or toxic factor
Nutrient Composition
- High digestible endosperm (starch) ~85% of the seed
- Zein, the major protein in corn, is relatively indigestible and low in lysine and tryptophan
o Down side of corn (low in lysine)
o ¾ proteins in endosperm
o ¼ in germ = highly digestible
o Zein = prolamine = high in proline and glutamine, low in lysine and tryptophan, high solubility
- Corn is high in energy due to its high lipid content (4% of DM); rich in unsaturated fatty acids
- Corn has low available niacin, which can be synthesized from tryptophan, in which corn is also deficient
o Deficient in niacin = pellagra
- Corn is a fair source of vitamin E and low in vitamin D and the B-complex vitamins
Sorghum Grain
- Several varieties used for seed production include milo, various kafirs and other
- Milo is the most common used for feed
- Similar to corn in its chemical composition
- Low in protein; lysine and threonine are most limiting AA
- Contains condensed tannins
- Has to be crushed (as do the others), as well as oat and barley = course grain since thick hull = not as accessible to get nutrients
Barley Grain
- Primarily grown for two purposes: for malting and for feed
- Lower energy value than most feed grains
- Low starch and high fiber content
- Higher in protein, lysine and tryptophan than corn
- Contains β-glucans (WSC); cannot be digested since animals do not secrete glucanases, viscous
(reduces intestinal flow rate and feed intake); higher fiber limits its use in poultry and swine
o Viscous glucans inhibit the formation of lipid micelles and reduce fat absorption
- Palatable for ruminants and horses
***Viable as a feed = palatable and cost effective
Oat Grains
- Low-energy value due to low starch and high fiber content
- High protein content/quality
- Ideal feed for working horses; it is very palatable
- High fiber content limit energy consumption
Wheat Grain
- Categorized according to growth habit (spring or winter), kernel
colour (red, white or amber) and texture (hard or soft)
- Identical to corn in digestible energy content
- Superior to corn in terms of its protein content and quality
- Generally too expensive to be competitive as a livestock feed
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
Less than 18% crude fiber: have a protein content of less than 20% Roughages, forages and pastures have cp higher than 20. Cereal grains (e. g. corn, barley: grain milling by-product feeds (e. g. corn hominy feed, wheat bran, root and tubers (e. g. potatoes) Food (fuel) processing by-products (e. g. (cid:373)olasses, brewers a(cid:374)d distiller"s by-products, beet and citrus pulp: when talking about concentrates, generally mean energy concentrates. These are fed to ruminants and herbivores to increase energy density of their diets, and to nonruminants as the primary source of energy. The cereal grains are very low in crude fiber, with aa range of being about 2-10% The lower the fiber levels, the higher the energy content tends to be. The energy values of grains is high, with the tdn as high as 90% on a dry-matter basis. These values are high because of the high starch content, low fiber content and high digestibility.
