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BIOL 111 Lecture Notes - Turbellaria, Triploblasty, Schistosomiasis

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goldscorpion399
5 Apr 2012
School
McGill University
Department
Biology (Sci)
Course
BIOL 111
Professor
Irene Gregory- Eaves

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BIOL 111 Full Course Notes
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BIOL 111 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary

Changes that occur between zygote stage and the multicellular organism. Zygote: diploid, resulting from union of two haploid gametes, 1st cell of 2nd gen. Embryo: young animal or plant while still contained within protective structure. 2 key processes: cleavage = cell division forming of many cells, gastrulation = in-folding from of 2-3 embryonic tissue layers. Zygote cleavage morula (solid ball) blastula (hollow) gastrula (in- folding) Gastrula: layers of embryonic cells = germ layers. Interior: endoderm lining of digestive/respiratory systems. Some only have 2 layers = diploblastic. Third layer in centre: mesoderm internal systems, muscles, hear, stomach (triploblatic) Archenteron = cavity formed when envagination occurs = gut cavity. Tissues: enable a more cohesive organization of the body plan and complex movement. Tissues evolve from embryonic tissues (tree splits at sponges) Cnidarians: bilateral symmetry: single axis that divides the body into two equal halves, typically have a head (between eyes = equal halves midsagittal plane, -yields, anterior/posterior, dorsal/ventral (ex platyhelmenthes)

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Related Questions

  1. An organism with extensive yolk, such as the chick,

A) has incompletecleavage. D)forms a blastoderm but no blastocoel.

B) has yolk evenly distributed in the egg. E) has completecleavage.

C) fails to synthesize DNA duringcleavage.

  1. Invagination

A) occurs in sea urchins.

B) forms the archenteron in echinoderms.

C) creates unique positions for new cell interactions.

D) requires unique cell movement.

E) All of the above

  1. When the blastopore dorsal lip is grafted from one frog embryoonto a second embryo, the second dorsal lip will

A) change the developmental fate of the surrounding cells.

B) change the polarity of the adjacent segments.

C) cause rapid cell division.

D) block gastrulation.

E) change the prospective potency of the surrounding cells.

  1. Gastrulation in birds differs in many ways from gastrulation infrogs. The main feature that both have in common is that

A) the neural tube forms.

B) somites are created.

C) cells from the surface of the blastocyst migrate to form thegut.

D) three germ layers are established.

E) All of the above

  1. In humans, the secondary oocyte forms:
  1. at ovulation.
  2. during telophase I.
  3. after fertilization.
  4. at birth.
  5. all of the above.

  1. In Ascaris:
  1. The secondary oocyte is fertilized.
  2. Two polar bodies are visible when the secondary oocyte is inprophase II.
  3. Both a haploid and a diploid nucleus are present in a primaryoocyte during early prophase I.
  4. Cell plates are formed during both anaphase I and anaphaseII.
  5. No correct answer is given.
  1. A gastrula is:

a. an embryo that is younger than a blastula.

b. a stage in development that has three tissue layers.

c. a type of egg that has yolk concentrated at one end of thecell.

d. an opening in the center of an early embryo.

e. something else

  1. A human cell containing 22 autosomes and one Y chromosome isa

a. somatic cell of amale b. zygote

c. somatic cell of afemale d. a sperm e. an ovum

  1. The spermatogonium is ________ , and the primary spermatocyteis __________ .

a. diploid,haploid b. haploid, diploid

c. haploid,haploid d. diploid,diploid e. triploid, diploid

  1. The first cavity formed in the rapidly dividing starfish embryois the:

a. Blastoderm. b. Archenteron.

c. Neural groove. d. Blastocoel. e. Trophoblast.

The infolding of the Xenopus dorsal blastopore lip, regression of Hensen's node in chickens, and the formation of the hypoblast in Zebrafish by the embryonic shield all use which mode of gastrulation?

Involution
Invagination
Epiboly
Ingression
Delamination

pleas pleas do all parts

1-Are both the egg and zygote of a sea star the same size?

2-Do the cells of a two-cell sea star embryo differ in size?

3-Does the sea star embryo appear to be growing during cleavage?

4-What structures will the archenteron develop into?

5-What obvious visual change occurs in a frog egg upon fertilization?

6-How is the orientation of the blastocoel in an amphibian blastula different than that of a sea star?

7-What structures will form from the neural fold of the frog embryo?

8-In a chick embryo at gastrulation, what does the primitive streak indicate?

9-What are the segmented units that are visible along the dorsal axis of the 33 hour chick embryo?

10-The basic stages of development are quite similar for a wide range of organisms. How would you explain such consistency?