BIOL 112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Phagocytosis, Exocytosis, Endoplasmic Reticulum
BIOL 112 Full Course Notes
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1. Many bacteria exist in biofilms in nature. Based on the information in the passage and in the chapter, is it possible to create a pure culture of a species that normally exists in biofilms?
Select the best answer.
A) Yes, because many species can have planktonic growth or live within a biofilm, and a biofilm can contain a single species. | |||||
B) Yes, because bacteria are most commonly found in sessile forms and a biofilm contains sessile bacteria. | |||||
C) No, because a pure culture by definition must grow in medium and would not be able to form a biofilm. | |||||
D) No, because biofilms always contain many species of bacteria and a pure culture does not. 2. The introductory passage described a consortium consisting of ANME and a sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Which of the following would be important considerations in choosing the best technique to determine the number of living cells in a culture of the consortium? Select the best answer.
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Value: 1
Anabolic pathways of metabolism are pathways that:
a. build complex molecules from simple ones.
b. release stored chemical energy.
c. take place primarily in skeletal muscle
d. make large quantities of ATP.
Value: 2
The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell is referred to as _______________.
Value: 3
Organisms that derive both their energy and carbon from organic compounds are:
a. photoautotrophs.
b. chemoautotrophs.
c. chemoheterotrophs.
d. photoheterotrophs
Value: 4
It is often stated that the phosphate bonds in ATP are "high energy," but in fact, they are not notably high in energy. Rather, they are easy to break, and the âG of hydrolysis is a "useful" quantity of energy. What makes the phosphate bonds easy to break?
a. They are close to the destabilizing nitrogenous base adenosine
b. Positive charges on amino groups repel each other.
c. Negative charges on phosphate groups repel each other
d. High acidity attacks bonds between amino acids.
Value: 5
Which of the following describes ATP hydrolysis? Select all that apply
[mark all correct answers]
a. exergonic
b. spontaneous
c. often coupled to a reaction that has a positive ÎG
Value: 6
Which of the following describes catabolic reactions?
a. They are endergonic and have a negative change in free energy
b. They are exergonic and have a negative change in free energy
c. They are exergonic and have a positive change in free energy.
d. They are endergonic and have a positive change in free energy.
Value: 7
Why are cells not infinitely big?
a. Because they wouldn't fit in an organism
b. Because they would have a small surface area:volume ratio and substances would diffuse in and out too slowly
c. Because they would have a large surface area to volume ratio and substances would diffuse in and out too quickly
Value: 9
How is organelle movement around cells controlled?
a. the nucleus directs the movement of organelles in a cell
b. the cytoskeleton is like a monorail that moves organelles in a cell via motor proteins
c. organelles do not move, they have a fixed position in the cell
d. organelles move by facilitated diffusion in the cell
Value: 10
1. Prokaryotic cells lack:
a. a. A nucleus
b. organelles
c. cell membrane
d. DNA
e. A and B
Value: 11
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
a. a. Makes cell membranes
b. has ribosomes attached
c. are a site of protein synthesis
d. all of the above
Value: 12
Match the items.
The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.
a. help to digest worn-out or damaged organelles. | |
b. Takes in molecules in transport vesicles, modifies them, and sends them back out in vesicles | |
c. makes sugar | |
d. makes ATP | |
e. assembles the ribosomes | |
f. gives the cell structure | |
g. move material around the cell | |
1. vesicles | a b c d e f g |
2. cytoskeleton | a b c d e f g |
3. the golgi apparatus | a b c d e f g |
4. lysosomes | a b c d e f g |
5. mitochondrion | a b c d e f g |
6. chloroplast | a b c d e f g |
7. nucleolus |
When someone gets a bone marrow transplant, they have to be quarantined and carefully protected from pathogens for a period of time afterward. Why?
A. | Bone marrow produces the main cells involved in the specific immune response, so these patients are at special risk of infection until they build up enough marrow to produce sufficient cells. | |
B. | Bone marrow produces blood cells, so they have insufficient circulation for a period of time so their immune system lacks the energy to fight off any infection. | |
C. | Anytime a foreign substance, even someone else's bone marrow, is introduced to a body, there is an extra risk of infection. | |
D. | A common complication of bone marrow transplants is infection, and doctor's don't want the infection to spread to others. | |
E. | It's a traumatic procedure, and any extra stress on their body could kill them. |
There is antibody-mediated and cell-mediated specific immunity. Which type of cells are primarily involved in the antibody-mediated immune response?
A. | Macrophages | |
B. | B cells | |
C. | Complement proteins | |
D. | T cells | |
E. | Antigens |
From the bacteria's perspective, why is it helpful that it produce diarrhea in people?
A. | Because it gets the bacteria out of the person and, likely, into the next one | |
B. | It's not helpful really. That's just what that toxin causes. | |
C. | Because that quickly kills the person | |
D. | Because it makes the patient too unpleasant to be around | |
E. | Because there is no real treatment for that |
Where do prions come from?
A. | There are prion-like particles in the brain normally, and when these become abnormal they can cause disease. | |
B. | Mosquitoes. | |
C. | They are clumps which form from normal prion-like particles in the blood that travel to the brain. | |
D. | They are introduced by infectious protozoa. | |
E. | Contaminated water. |