BIOL 202 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Heritability, Inbreeding, Penetrance

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crimsonjackal99

25 Feb 2013

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Expressivity refers to the degree to which an individual express the trait. The polygenic or continuously varying traits and the environment lead to a varying degrees of phenotypes in a population. The relative contribution of nature and nurture differs from environment to environment. Inheritability: the proportion of the variation of traits, and how the genes/environment causes variation among a population. 65% of variation for conservatism is caused by the genetic information, 35% caused by environment. Quantitative genetic variation is the basis for selective breeding, concentrating more and more towards a desired trait. While many evolutionary traits are seen to be continuous, mendelian theory for 1 or 2 discrete genes are discrete. Edward m. east s work on tobacco explained how the two could be combined to explain natural phenomena. East worked on the length of the tobacco flower, which varies among tobacco populations. He bred two inbred lines with different corolla (flower) lengths.

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Biology lab homework

Dragon Genes

http://www.concord.org/stem-resources/modern-genetics

BLY 121L - Take HomeAssignment

Due: Start of class time âAt thestart of class next week

Answers MUST beâ¦

â¢ typed (no smaller than 11-pointfont)

â¢ complete sentences (i.e., grammaticallycorrect â AND spell check!)

â¢ THIS IS NOT AGROUP EFFORT â NO POINTS WILL BE AWARDED, IF YOUR PAPER ISSIMILAR IN CONTENT AND WORDING TO THAT OF YOURPEERâS.

Complete ALL4 modules:

1. Intro& Rules

2. Meiosis

3. Pedigree andGenes

4. The PlatesProblem

Complete and answer all of the questions fromeach module.

Introduction

Breed dragons to yield several offspring anddevelop a chart for all of the phenotypic characteristics youobserve.

â¢ Note the genotype and dominant/recessivecondition for each trait.

â¢ When you reach this section of theexercise, be sure to change the genotype for all traits to completethe chart.

Whatare the traits exhibited by yourdragons?

**YOUMUST TURN IN YOURCOMPLETED CHART AND IT MUST BE LEGIBLE!

Rules

Dominance and Recessive Traits

What isthe chromosome number(ânâ) for thedragons?

Which trait(s)exhibit incompletedominance?

What does it mean fora trait to be incompletely dominant?

Noallelic combination is described as being heterozygousrecessive. Why do you thinkthis is thecase?

Some Traits are Sex-linked

Which dragontrait(s)is/are sex-linked?

How dosex-linked traits differ from autosomal traits?

Color and Lethal Combinations

Describehow the inheritance ofcolor is different from that of horns and/orwings.

On whichchromosome is the lethal combination exhibited? What is the lethalcombination?

Meiosis

What is the phenotypeof your new dragon?

Whichtraits areinherited from the mother dragon? AND Which traits are inherited from the father dragon?

Wereany traits expressed by the offspring that differed from either or both of the parents? If so, whatwere they?

How does meiosisallow for variation inoffspring?

How doesfertilization allow for variation in offspring?

Pedigree and Genes

Now that you know how to breed dragons, let'stry some selective breeding in the pedigree view. Use the cross tool tobreed a new generation of dragons; breed two of thedragons from this new (F1) generation. Repeat thisat least8 times.

What do younotice about the dragons as you continue to breed more generations?

Use the chromosome tool to closelyexaminethe dragonsâ genes. If you had trouble answering the sex-linkedquestion above, now you can observe and compare the Xand Y chromosomesâ¦

Can you find any genesthat are different among the members of your F8generation?

How many generationsdo you have to breed until all the dragons are exactly thesame?

You arecreating an inbred strain of dragons in the final generation(s)of this process. Write a notedescribing your strain, and explain what is âspecialâ aboutall individuals in an inbred strain of organisms.

The Plates Problem

Try breedingsome offspring to see resultsof these crosses. Does thepattern of inheritance ofplates tell you anything useful?

Based on yourbreeding experiments, where might you expectto find the gene forplates (i.e., On whichchromosome might the gene be located?) Why do you think this iscorrect?

Dragons thatgrow plates usually do so quite late in their life, so dragons thathave a new baby don't know right away whether or not it will growplates. Which trait(s)exhibited by a baby might helpa mother dragon determine whether her baby will growup to have plates?

DragonGenes
Genotypes/Phenotypes

Trait	Phenotype	Genotype
Horns	Horns
	No Horns
Wings	Wings
	No Wings
Legs	4 Legs
	2 Legs
	No Legs
Tails	Fancy Tail
	Plain Tail
Fire-breathing	Fire-breathing Male
	Non-fire-breathing Male
	Fire-breathing Female
	Non-fire-breathingFemale
Color	Green Male
	Yellow Male
	Red Female
	Blue Female
	Brown Female
	Purple Female

olivedonkey40

(tautomerization) The most common form of guanine is the ketoform, not the enol form.

True

False

What term describes the allowed degree of base pair matchingduring annealing, varying from lots of base-pair mismatches allowedto allowing only perfect base-pair matching.

stringency

aneuploidy

polyploidy

quantitative PCR

restriction fragment length polymorphism

I have an individual with a disease we will call SSI-itis,brought on by extreme exposure to cannabis. I do a southern andfind the gene affected. Another of his classmates exhibits theexact same symptoms, but that gene in hiw is wt. A southern in thesecond student finds a mutation in another gene. This is an exampleof

pleitropy

allelic heterogeneity

locus heterogeneity

dominant traits

recessive traits

penetrance

If a person carrying a dominant allele does not demonstrate thephenotype strongly, but still differs from wt, thisdemonstrates?

haploinsufficiency

penetrance

expressivity

monogenic traits

polygenic traits

I find three alleles for a gene in a fruit fly. One allelecreates the ability for the fly to eat graphite. Another allelecreates the ability for the fly to eat coal. The third alleleallows the fly to eat diamond. These alleles are all dominant, andwt cannot eat any of these substances. Which statement below is themost true?

Upon mating a bunch of the flies carrying these alleles, Ishould not find a fly that can eat graphite, coal, and diamond.

I would consider the ability to eat these substances an exampleof pleitropy because they are all carbon.

I would expect the ability to eat diamond to be dominant to theability to eat graphite.

These flies are demonstrating locusheterogeneity.

Expression vectors in prokaryotes do not make functionaleukaryotic gene products in bacteria very well because

the codon sequence for prokaryotes is different than the codonsequence in eukaryotes

there are no disulfide bridges formed in proteins normally madein prokaryotes

prokaryotic expression vectors cannot translate eukaryticsequences

eukaryotic genes have introns, and prokaryotes don't

eukaryotic genes have exons and prokaryotes don't

Which of the following is not used in PCR amplification ofDNA?

Double-stranded DNA template

Oligonucleotide primers

DNA polymerase

DNA ligase

ddNTPs

I create a knockout mouse using the agouti/black fur systemdiscussed in the online lecture and in the book. When I cross theagouti offspring of the originally engineered mouse, I find a ratioof 2 agouti mice to 1 black furred mouse. What is the bestexplanation?

The gene knocked out was recessive.

The gene knocked out was dominant.

The gene knocked out was a lethal gene.

The knockput was integrated into a random spot, and did notknockput the original gene.

A loss of function mutation is usually recessive, but canactually be a dominant mutation because of what effect?

haploinsufficiency

dominant negative mutations

allelic heterogeneity

locus heterogeneity

pleitropy

A genetic carrier of a disease can have a form of the diseasethat only shows intermittent symptoms, while the full homozygousrecessiuve individual would show all of the symptoms of thedisease.

True

False

Wild type, or wt, refers to the genotype that is the typicalgenotype found in nature. Now read that again. Once more. Nowanswer.

Answer

True

False

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BIOL 202 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Heritability, Inbreeding, Penetrance

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