CHEM 181 Lecture : Adverse Food Reactions

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champagnefish105

18 Apr 2012

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CHEM 181 Full Course Notes

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Robert gibbon johnson, showed north america that tomatoes do not kill! 1850- english physician arthur hasall saw that a steel fork became coated with copper when he mashed gooseberries. 1900"s- chalk was added to watered down milk. Arsenic added to meat to prevent oxidization. Sold in concentrated solution to be diluted by farmer. If mistake is made, can be catastrophic. There are many dangerous toxins in nature. Most potent class of carcinogens to be tested. Chemical found in aged, fermented foods (cheeses + wine) People on certain anti-depressants, if they consume, they will have higher tyramine level in blood stream, can trigger hypertension or stroke. Harbour variety of bacteria that break down components of fish very quickly. Scromboid poisoning: occurs after eating fish that contain high levels of histamine. Happens with fish with high amounts of histidine. Allergy symptoms, tingling/burning in mouth, rash, headache, hives, itching, nausea, vomiting. Ciguatera poisoning: toxin produced by algae barracudas eat.

Related Questions

Please answer clearly with all steps. Thank you.

EAS Bromintation Reaction

To a 50 mL round bottom flask charged with a stirbar and fitted with a reflux condenser, combine 1.780 g N-bromosuccinimide and 7.00 mL acetonitrile. Upon dissolution, add 0.162 g iron (III) chloride and stir the solution for 5 minutes at room temperature. (note* you will see the solution turn from yellow to dark red indicating the formation of the bromine complex. Once the color change is noticed, add 1.065 mL toluene and stir the reaction for 30 minutes at room temperature. Monitor the reaction via TLC using a 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes eluent system.

Multiple Choice:

1. The Electrophile in the bromination reaction is..

A. Br- B. Br+ C. toluene D. Br-Br

2. A benzene ring with activating substituents can be considered a/an...

A. inert compound B. Electrophile C. Nucleophile D. Ringophile

3. Can toluene be separated from the mono substituted bromotoluenes by distillation?

A. Yes by fractional distillation as the boiling points are less than 25 degrees apart B. No the boiling points are within 5 degrees of each other C. Yes by simple distillation as the boiling points are greater than 25 degrees apart

4. 12 principles of Green Chemistry: You work for a pharmaceutical company and you are asked to synthesize a fluorinated compound that will be used to produce a new medicine. The procedure calls for the addition of HF, which is a very reactive and dangerous substance. You figured out a way to slowly produce HF in situ rather than having to add it beforehand/ Which priciple is under consideration:

A 3 B.12 C. 6 D. 10

5. According to green chemistry, what class of catalysts are actually toxic

A. synthetic catalysts B. Heavy metal based catalysts C. Biological protein catalysts D. RNA catalysits

6. Rather than using the historical approach of controlling the concentration or releases of a particular chemical substance through engineering controls or waster treatment procedures, green chemistry:

A changes the intrinsic nature of the substances themselves so as to redue or eliminate the hazard posed by the substances

B. completely eliminates all potential hazards

C. only involves reactions of extremely low concentrations

D. ignores the dwstream effects of chemical substances while attempting to find the efficient synthetic methods

1. Excessive usage of pesticides in the golf field in Boryung,ChungNam province (Prof Hanâs hometown) have let to severegroundwater contamination, dominated at some locations bycarbofuran (C12H15NO3, MW 221g/mole). Since groundwater is to someextent reused for irrigation purposes, the contamination levelsneed to be reduced to non-toxic levels. A local analyticallaboratory, KAIST & Associates, was contracted to conduct abasic geochemical characterization of the groundwater. Their reportgave the following information:
Total estimated carbofuran contamination: 2,500kg
Average carbofuran concentration: 150mg/L
Available potential electron acceptors: 2mg/L of oxygen (deepaquifers are often fairly depleted in oxygen)
5 mg/L of nitrate
25mg/L of sulfate
negligible amount of bicarbonate (for methanogenesis)
Assuming there are carbofuran-degrading bacteria in this subsurfacesystem, and that recharge is negligible:
A. What will be the prevailing redox conditions in this aquiferwhen carbofuran is degraded to clean standard 5 mg/L?
B. How much total microbial biomass will be produced in thissystem?
C. Calculate the heat losses associated with microbial degradationof carbofuran (in kJ), taking into account that both energy andbiomass are produced, and that energy conversion to ATP is only 40%efficient (Eoâ(CO2/carbofuran) = -0.38).
D. A promising remediation strategy for organic contamination isthe use of nitrate to stimulate denitrifying processes, since theseorganisms are almost as efficient as aerobes. How much nitratewould need to be provided to completely degrade carbofuran?

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CHEM 181 Lecture : Adverse Food Reactions

CHEM 181 Full Course Notes

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