EAST 211 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Analects, Meritocracy, Spoken Language

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greywildebeest28

15 May 2018

School

McGill University

Department

Asian Language & Literature

Course

EAST 211

Professor

Rebecca Doran

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The Han Dynasty

Dynasty often associated with 'Chinese Culture'

Confucian was consolidated and became more of a 'religion'

Greek Empire (323 BCE) and Roman Empire

Eurocentric education ignores that the Han dynasty is just as vast and

sophisticated

-Divided into East/West like the Zhou dynasty

Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE): Early History

Founder: Liu Bang

劉邦

(r. 202-195 BCE)

Non-aristocratic, obscure origin

Emperor Gaozu

Mandate of Heaven

Qin Dynasty

○Qin dynasty should have had the mandate of heaven; the new ruler has to

explain that the Qin actually didn't and that they deserve to rule (need to

gain support)

○There was a rebellion during the Qin Dynasty

§Rebellion: sign that heaven is displeased

Old aristocratic families

○Qin didn't deal with the power held by the old aristocratic regions

○Gaozu removed the threat of these families and put a new elite into place

○decentralized authority and put more authority on the bureaucracy

Decentralization and, later, Confucianism as Legitimization

-Use Confucianism to legalize authority and blame failure of the Qin on legalism

Adoption of Confucianism as Political Ideology

-Under Emperor Wu (r. 141-87 BCE)

-Official Bureaucracy: Ideal of Meritocracy

○Had to be virtuous official; did this by studying the Five Confucian Classics

-Five Confucian Classics

-Confucius as divine sage

-Mythology of Qin Legalism

The Han Dynasty (206 BCE- 220 CE)

Han Bureaucracy and the Ideal of Meritocracy

-Confucian ideals

○Population should manifest these ideals

-Legalism in practice: laws and administration, Qin legal code, punishments,

conscript labor, etc

○Harsh laws: whole families could be persecuted for an individual's crimes,

they mutilated people, etc

○Conscript labour for public works projects (ex Great wall)

-Officials: self-cultivated literati

○To be an official, you need to be cultivated. You need to read, write, study

poetry/music, etc

-Meritocracy and civil service examinations: Theory and practice

○Take exam to prove knowledge and virtue

§Example, write poetry

○Meritocracy, but the wealthy have an advantage. More likely to be

educated

Canon and Orthodoxy: The Five “Confucian” Classics

-Canon: orthodox system of study that all elites should study. Basis for

philosophy, civil service exams --> whole political/philosophical system of the

empire

Official Curriculum:

-Book of Poetry/Songs/Odes (Shijing 詩經)

-Book of Documents (Shangshu 尚書)

-Book of Rites (Liji 禮記)

-Book of Changes (Yijing 易經)

○Notions of correlative cosmology based on yin yang thought and knowing

the cosmos and basing political life off of this

-Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu 春秋)

**Analects is not included on this list (included on longer list of 13 classics). But

Confucius is rumoured to have edited a few books (no historical evidence of this)

Cult of Confucius, the “Unadorned King”

-Build temples devoted to Confucius and perform sacrifices for him

-Treat him as a deity that will look after him in the spiritual realm

-"Unadorned King": Failed as politician life. This is a claim that he should have

had mandate of heaven because of his great teaching

Canon and Orthodoxy: The Five “Confucian” Classics

Official Curriculum:

-Book of Poetry/Songs/Odes (Shijing 詩經)

-Book of Documents (Shangshu 尚書)

-Book of Rites (Liji 禮記)

-Book of Changes (Yijing 易經)

-Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu 春秋)

Themes:

1. Poetry and Music

2. Correlative Cosmology

3. Ritual

4. History

○History as this glorious past

The Five “Confucian” Classics vs. myth of Qin “Book Burning”

Han Dynasty as Chinese culture

-Chinese culture is often identified as being Han in many ways

-Confucianism: literature, government, cultural values, etc.

○Confucian canon organized during this period

-Ethnicity

-Language

*Han dynasty seen as source of ethnicity and language for many Chinese today

The Han vs. the Xiongnu

-“Civilization” as value judgment or objective category?

○Talking about 'Chinese Civilization' --> is this a useful historic term?

-“Civilized” vs. “Barbarian”

○Elite, educated VS nomadic people

○Han Dynasty: many wars between Han and Xiongnu (nomadic group living

North of the wall; very good in warfare because of horse-riding abilities

and lifestyle)

-Han 漢vs. Hu 胡(“Civilized” vs. “Barbarian”)

○ethnicity, language, culture

○mode of subsistence: agricultural vs. nomadic

○Beyond the Great Wall: Northern steppe grasslands

-China=Zhongguo 中國 “Middle State”

○Guo 國= state

Han Dynasty vs. Qin Dynasty “Standard” vs. Seal Script

-Han writing: left

-Qin writing: right

-Han dynasty re-writes the Qin writing; still used today

-Chinese writing is associated with the Han Dynasty

Han Dynasty: Chinese Culture and Language

-Ethnicity: Hanzu 漢族 (“people of the Han”)

-Written language: Hanzi 漢字 (“characters of the Han”)

-Spoken language: Hanyu 漢語 (“language of the Han”)

8: The Han Dynasty

Monday, January 29, 2018

8:34 AM

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This preview shows pages 1-2 of the document.
Unlock all 5 pages and 3 million more documents.

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The Han Dynasty

Dynasty often associated with 'Chinese Culture'

-Confucian was consolidated and became more of a 'religion'

Greek Empire (323 BCE) and Roman Empire

Eurocentric education ignores that the Han dynasty is just as vast and

sophisticated

Divided into East/West like the Zhou dynasty

Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE): Early History

Founder: Liu Bang

劉邦

(r. 202-195 BCE)

Non-aristocratic, obscure origin

Emperor Gaozu

Mandate of Heaven

Qin Dynasty

○

Qin dynasty should have had the mandate of heaven; the new ruler has to

explain that the Qin actually didn't and that they deserve to rule (need to

gain support)

○

There was a rebellion during the Qin Dynasty

Rebellion: sign that heaven is displeased

Old aristocratic families

○

Qin didn't deal with the power held by the old aristocratic regions

○

Gaozu removed the threat of these families and put a new elite into place

○

decentralized authority and put more authority on the bureaucracy

Decentralization and, later, Confucianism as Legitimization

-Use Confucianism to legalize authority and blame failure of the Qin on legalism

Adoption of Confucianism as Political Ideology

-Under Emperor Wu (r. 141-87 BCE)

-Official Bureaucracy: Ideal of Meritocracy

○Had to be virtuous official; did this by studying the Five Confucian Classics

-Five Confucian Classics

-Confucius as divine sage

-Mythology of Qin Legalism

The Han Dynasty (206 BCE- 220 CE)

Han Bureaucracy and the Ideal of Meritocracy

-Confucian ideals

○Population should manifest these ideals

-Legalism in practice: laws and administration, Qin legal code, punishments,

conscript labor, etc

○Harsh laws: whole families could be persecuted for an individual's crimes,

they mutilated people, etc

○Conscript labour for public works projects (ex Great wall)

-Officials: self-cultivated literati

○To be an official, you need to be cultivated. You need to read, write, study

poetry/music, etc

-Meritocracy and civil service examinations: Theory and practice

○Take exam to prove knowledge and virtue

§Example, write poetry

○Meritocracy, but the wealthy have an advantage. More likely to be

educated

Canon and Orthodoxy: The Five “Confucian” Classics

-Canon: orthodox system of study that all elites should study. Basis for

philosophy, civil service exams --> whole political/philosophical system of the

empire

Official Curriculum:

-Book of Poetry/Songs/Odes (Shijing 詩經)

-Book of Documents (Shangshu 尚書)

-Book of Rites (Liji 禮記)

-Book of Changes (Yijing 易經)

○Notions of correlative cosmology based on yin yang thought and knowing

the cosmos and basing political life off of this

-Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu 春秋)

**Analects is not included on this list (included on longer list of 13 classics). But

Confucius is rumoured to have edited a few books (no historical evidence of this)

Cult of Confucius, the “Unadorned King”

-Build temples devoted to Confucius and perform sacrifices for him

-Treat him as a deity that will look after him in the spiritual realm

-"Unadorned King": Failed as politician life. This is a claim that he should have

had mandate of heaven because of his great teaching

Canon and Orthodoxy: The Five “Confucian” Classics

Official Curriculum:

-Book of Poetry/Songs/Odes (Shijing 詩經)

-Book of Documents (Shangshu 尚書)

-Book of Rites (Liji 禮記)

-Book of Changes (Yijing 易經)

-Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu 春秋)

Themes:

1. Poetry and Music

2. Correlative Cosmology

3. Ritual

4. History

○History as this glorious past

The Five “Confucian” Classics vs. myth of Qin “Book Burning”

Han Dynasty as Chinese culture

-Chinese culture is often identified as being Han in many ways

-Confucianism: literature, government, cultural values, etc.

○Confucian canon organized during this period

-Ethnicity

-Language

*Han dynasty seen as source of ethnicity and language for many Chinese today

The Han vs. the Xiongnu

-“Civilization” as value judgment or objective category?

○Talking about 'Chinese Civilization' --> is this a useful historic term?

-“Civilized” vs. “Barbarian”

○Elite, educated VS nomadic people

○Han Dynasty: many wars between Han and Xiongnu (nomadic group living

North of the wall; very good in warfare because of horse-riding abilities

and lifestyle)

-Han 漢vs. Hu 胡(“Civilized” vs. “Barbarian”)

○ethnicity, language, culture

○mode of subsistence: agricultural vs. nomadic

○Beyond the Great Wall: Northern steppe grasslands

-China=Zhongguo 中國 “Middle State”

○Guo 國= state

Han Dynasty vs. Qin Dynasty “Standard” vs. Seal Script

-Han writing: left

-Qin writing: right

-Han dynasty re-writes the Qin writing; still used today

-Chinese writing is associated with the Han Dynasty

Han Dynasty: Chinese Culture and Language

-Ethnicity: Hanzu 漢族 (“people of the Han”)

-Written language: Hanzi 漢字 (“characters of the Han”)

-Spoken language: Hanyu 漢語 (“language of the Han”)

8: The Han Dynasty

Monday, January 29, 2018 8:34 AM

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-2 of the document.
Unlock all 5 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

Confucian was consolidated and became more of a "religion" Eurocentric education ignores that the han dynasty is just as vast and sophisticated. Divided into east/west like the zhou dynasty. Qin dynasty should have had the mandate of heaven; the new ruler has to explain that the qin actually didn"t and that they deserve to rule (need to gain support) There was a rebellion during the qin dynasty. Qin didn"t deal with the power held by the old aristocratic regions. Gaozu removed the threat of these families and put a new elite into place. Decentralized authority and put more authority on the bureaucracy. Use confucianism to legalize authority and blame failure of the qin on legalism. Had to be virtuous official; did this by studying the five confucian classics. Legalism in practice: laws and administration, qin legal code, punishments, conscript labor, etc. Harsh laws: whole families could be persecuted for an individual"s crimes, they mutilated people, etc.

Related Questions

Case Study:

Wine Exports to China rise in value before the mid-1990s, the wine market in Asia was non-existent and many wine producers did not see potential in the Asian markets. But during the late 1990s and early 2000s, the markets started to change, and, almost overnight, wine became a symbol of wealth and class. The only problem was that very few producers were serving the market. As more producers became aware of the new potential markets, they started to enter China, Thailand, Singapore, Korea, and Japan. China posed specific problems for producers and importers as distribution channels and marketing strategies were virtually non-existent because the market was too new. The wine market maintained double-digit growth from 2005 - 2010, and it should grow faster than any other alcoholic beverage sector in the coming five years. With consumption rising at 10% - 15% per year it can be tempting for producers, whose traditional markets are stagnant, to consider China as a possible solution to their problems. Though there is little doubt that the market will continue to expand, the challenges are numerous: 1. A lack of transparency, counterfeit products, and unreliable information. 2. Dominance of the domestic giants. 3. Consumer and cultural challenges. 4. Distribution and logistics. The rewards are great for any foreign winery that can crack the market but the challenges are also great. The first step a winery must take before they carve out their niche, is to understand the reasons behind Chinese consumers buying habits, and how consumers purchase wine in China. Why do Chinese Consumers buy wine? The majority of wine purchases are made during the major holidays: Chinese New Year, Spring Festival, and the mid-Autumn Festival. Most of these purchases are destined as gifts for people. This is an interesting insight because gift-giving in China is important to the concept of Face. The Chinese wine consumer is typically a market follower, not a leader. He needs to feel safe about his purchase and does not want to lose face by choosing the wrong wine or admit that his knowledge of wine is limited. Chinese consumers buy wine to impress or gain Face (the Chinese word guanxi or the concept of face is somewhat analogous to influence or opportunities) within their social groups. Buying the right bottle of wine for a boss during the holidays could mean a promotion. In contrast to America or Europe, wine is also used as a social lubricant in place of spirits or beer. European consumers will often pair wine with food but Chinese are more likely to use wine as a social lubricant at parties or events. How do Chinese consumers buy wine? A survey conducted by the research company Wine Intelligence, which surveyed more than 1,000 Chinese upper middle-class drinkers of imported wine found that 75% of them said they often go online to look for wine information, and 62% said they frequently use social media as a source. New wine consumers were increasingly reliant on the digital world to learn about wine, with an estimated 13 million Chinese adults frequently accessing information online. This is a significant percentage of consumers searching for information online. Wineries that are looking to make an impact in China must create a strong digital strategy. (Source: http://www.digitalintheround.com/chinese-wine-market-digital-strategy/)

Question 8:
If you were a foreign wine marketer, state four (4) macro-environment factors you would consider before entering the Chinese market.
(12 marks)

greydolphin960

Case Study: Wine exports to China rise in value before the mid-1990s, the wine market in Asia was non-existent and many wine producers did not see potential in the Asian markets. But during the late 1990s and early 2000s, the markets started to change, and, almost overnight, wine became a symbol of wealth and class. The only problem was that very few producers were serving the market.

As more producers became aware of the new potential markets, they started to enter China, Thailand, Singapore, Korea, and Japan. China posed specific problems for producers and importers as distribution channels and marketing strategies were virtually non-existent because the market was too new.

The wine market maintained double-digit growth from 2005 - 2010, and it should grow faster than any other alcoholic beverage sector in the coming five years. With consumption rising at 10% - 15% per year it can be tempting for producers, whose traditional markets are stagnant, to consider China as a possible solution to their problems. Though there is little doubt that the market will continue to expand, the challenges are numerous:

1. A lack of transparency, counterfeit products, and unreliable information.

2. Dominance of the domestic giants.

3. Consumer and cultural challenges.

4. Distribution and logistics.

The rewards are great for any foreign winery that can crack the market but the challenges are also great. The first step a winery must take before they carve out their niche, is to understand the reasons behind Chinese consumers buying habits, and how consumers purchase wine in China.

WHY CHINESE CONSUMERS BUY WINE

The majority of wine purchases are made during the major holidays: Chinese New Year, Spring Festival, and the mid-Autumn Festival. Most of these purchases are destined as gifts for people.

This is an interesting insight because gift-giving in China is important to the concept of face.

The Chinese wine consumer is typically a market follower, not a leader. He needs to feel safe about his purchase and does not want to lose face by choosing the wrong wine or admit that his knowledge of wine is limited.

Chinese consumers buy wine to impress or gain face (the Chinese word guanxi or the concept of face is somewhat analogous to influence or opportunities) within their social groups. Buying the right bottle of wine for a boss during the holidays could mean a promotion.

In contrast to America or Europe, wine is also used as a social lubricant in place of spirits or beer. European consumers will often pair wine with food but Chinese are more likely to use wine as a social lubricant at parties or events.

HOW CHINESE CONSUMERS BUY WINE

A survey conducted by the research company Wine Intelligence, which surveyed more than 1,000 Chinese upper middle-class drinkers of imported wine found that 75% of them said they often go online to look for wine information, and 62% said they frequently use social media as a source.

New wine consumers were increasingly reliant on the digital world to learn about wine, with an estimated 13 million Chinese adults frequently accessing information online. This is a significant percentage of consumers searching for information online.

Wineries that are looking to make an impact in China must create a strong digital strategy.

(Source: http://www.digitalintheround.com/chinese-wine-market-digital-strategy/)

Question 7a:
Which is the main macro-environment factor that provides an opportunity for wine products in China? Justify your answer.
(5 marks)

Question 7b:
Which is the macro-environment factor that leads Chinese consumers to purchase wine? Justify your answer.
(5 marks)

ceriseserval213

Case Study:

Page 6
Question 9:
Provide two (2) reasons why it is said wineries that are looking to make an impact in China must create a strong digital strategy. In your opinion, do you think digital strategy is suitable for the luxury industry like the wine market?
(18 marks)

fuchsiagnat301

EAST 211 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Analects, Meritocracy, Spoken Language

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