NUR1 323 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Cross-Matching, Orthopedic Surgery, Naloxone

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The hypothalamus releases acetylcholine, and the adrenal medulla stimulates the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Short-lived effects of stress are part of the resistance/adaptation stage, and includes: Increase hr and rr, which will extend to the long-term if pain goes untreated. Reduced activity of the digestive system and reduced salivation, causing dry mouth. A steady supply of glucose being released from the liver for energy as a result of the cortisol released from the adrenal glands, ultimately increasing the risk for infection because of macrovascular, microvascular, and nervous system damage. Cortisol causes a suppressed immune and inflammation response, increasing the risk of developing diseases and catching viruses, causing delayed wound healing. Uncontrolled pain in post-operative patients will ultimately cause delayed wound healing. These are tangible things that can happen to patients with unmanaged pain: stress is a precipitating factor in various conditions, including: Decreased immune response, atherosclerosis, ulcers, diabetes, depression, hiv, and reproductive dysfunction.

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