PATH 300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Phagocyte, Amikacin, Surface Tension

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scarletcod38

22 Mar 2018

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Cilia on cells that line the airway. Airways covered by a thin layer of mucus propelled by cilia. Particles/pathogens trapped and coughed out: engulfment of foreign particles by macrophages, producing sounds involved in speaking and singing. Parts of the respiratory system: upper respiratory system, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, lower respiratory system, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. Humans: right lung = 3 lobes, left lung = 2 lobes. Trachea and the main bronchi are extra pulmonary: mani bronchi divide to form secondary bronchi. One to each lobe: right lung has 3 secondary bronchi and left lung has 2 secondary bronchi. As you move down the respiratory system, the larger airways (i. e. , bronchi) have cartilage whereas the smaller airways (i. e. , bronchioles) do not have cartilage. The diameter of the airways changes as you move deeper inside the lungs and as the branching continues. It starts off as 2. 5 cm, and when it reaches the terminal bronchioles, is ~0. 5 mm.

Related Questions

Which sequence correctly traces the path that oxygen takes from the atmosphere to the lungs

Mouth pharynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

Larynx, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

Nose, bronchi, larynx, trachea, lung

Epiglottis, trachea, cricoid, bronchi, alveoli

A 19-year-old female began chocking after eating a hot dog. When you first arrived on scene , she was coughing and drooling. Now, she is drowsy, slow to respond, and unable to cough

Perform abdominal thrusts

Perform back blows

Coach her to cough again

Perform chest thrusts

A 68-year-old female complains of shortness of breath and fatigue. Symptoms worsen at night when she tries to rest. Lung sounds are diminished in all lobes. Which statement indicates the patient is suffering from CHF rather than pneumonia

âI have had a fever the past several days.â

âI take nebulized treatments to help me breathe.â

I have been coughing up green phlegm

I feel like Iâm drowning when I lie down.

Proper technique to suction your patientâs air way includes

Suctioning while gently inserting the catheter

Inserting the suction catheter as deeply as possible

Applying suction continuously until the airway is clear

Oxygenating and ventilating before and after suctioning.

A patient has a history of chronic pulmonary disease. Before assisting him in self-administering his inhaler, you

Have the patient cough forcefully

Check his blood pressure

Spray some medication in the air

Shake the medication vigorously

A 65 year old male is having trouble breathing. He is moderately overweight and has been coughing up yellowish phlegm. He smokes two packs of cigarettes a ay and reports having episodes like this for many years

Whooping cough

Chronic bronchitis

Pulmonary edema

Status ashmaticus

A 64 year old male complains about dyspnea and is coughing up blood tinged sputum. Upon auscultation, you notice crackles bilaterally.

Emphysema exacerbation

Pulmonary edema

Pulmonary embolism

Esophageal varices

What nerve primarily controls respiration

Phrenic

Intercostal

Vagus

Thoracic

Which of he following can be present with a sudden onset of difficult breathing and diminished breath sounds

Pertussis

Emphysema

Pneumothorax

Pneumonia

A semi-conscious 34 year old male begins to gag after insertion of an OPA

Suction his air way

Encourage him to cough

Remove the airway and attempt a nasal airway

Remove the airway and insert a smaller size airway

1. Which of the following are considered blood vessels within the cardiovascular system? (Select all that apply.)

Veins

Arteries \

Epithelial tissue

Capillaries

Epidermis

2. The middle muscle layer found in the walls of the heart is the __________.

Myocardium

Epicardium

Endocardium

Aorta

3. Blood is transported throughout the body via ___________.

Veins
Arteries

Capillaries

All of the above

4. The right atrium receives blood from all parts of the body except the ______________.

Abdominal cavity

Lungs

Dorsal cavity

Cranium

5. Blood carries which of the following?

Oxygen and cellular waste

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, and cellular waste

Nutrients, hormones, enzymes

Oxygen, nutrients, enzymes

6. Vocal chords are found in the ____________.

Bronchus

Trachea

Larynx and Pharynx

Nasal cavity

7. The trachea is mostly lined by ________________.

Alveoli

Ciliated

mucous membrane

Lung capillaries
Vocal chords

8. Excess CO2 from the body is __________________.

Stored in the pancreas

Digested by cells

Excreted by the respiration process

Used to make ATP

9. CO2 from the body is released into the lungs via _________________.

Ciliated mucous membrane

Alveolar air

Nasal cavity

Bronchial tree

10. The principal function(s) of gas exchange is ____________________.

To supply cells with oxygen

To remove CO2 from the body

Both A and B

Neither of the above

One of the most common chronic conditions affecting the respiratory system is asthma. Asthma is a condition characterized by inflammation of the airways. When an asthma attack is triggered, the airways become even more inflamed and can restrict breathing. Common symptoms during an asthma attacks include coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest and shortness of breath. Severe asthma attacks can be fatal. People with a family history of asthma are more likely to have the condition. While there is no cure for asthma, proper medical care and a management plan can help to maintain quality of life for people living with asthma. There are different types of asthma, each with their own triggers and management plans. Type Description Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB), or Exercise-induced Asthma (EIA) Some people only experience asthma symptoms during exercise. Exercise-induced asthma causes the narrowing of airways during exercise, which restricts the flow of air to and from the lungs. Cold, dry air tends to exacerbate symptoms, while warm, humid air may reduce symptoms. People with exercise-induced asthma should work with their doctor to create a management plan that still allows them to exercise while keeping their symptoms under control. Allergic Asthma Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma. It is triggered by inhaling allergen particulates, such as dust mites, pollen, pet dander, or mold. The bodyâs reaction to the allergens causes inflammation that results in coughing, wheezing, and other symptoms of asthma. Occupational Asthma Occupational asthma is caused by the frequent inhalation (breathing) of gases, fumes, dust, or other harmful substances in the workplace. Employees working in the chemical or petroleum industries are frequently exposed to chemicals such as Sulphur dioxide or hydrochloric acid, and may develop occupational asthma after prolonged exposure. Childhood Asthma Childhood asthma is usually developed before age 5. It is a condition that affects millions of children. It is vital that childhood asthma is properly controlled to prevent damage to the developing lungs Risk factors: â¢ Allergies â¢ Family history â¢ Frequent respiratory infections â¢ Low birth-weight â¢ Second-hand smoke â¢ Residing in a low-income, urban environment

Asthma symptoms that are triggered by exposure to pollen, pet dander, mold, or dust mites is indicative of which of the following types of asthma:

Occupational asthma

Childhood asthma

Allergic asthma

Exercise-induced asthma

aquamarinecaribou889

True of False: Freshwater environments have a higher concentration of oxygen than saltwater environments.

QUESTION 2 If the difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of the barrier to diffusion is 0, which of these events will occur?

The area for gas exchange will increase to accommodate this similarity.

The constant for diffusion will decrease.

The rate of diffusion will be 0.

The distance thickness of the barrier to diffusion will also be 0.

QUESTION 3 On the x-axis of the oxygenâhemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? (Hint: the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is figure 45.14 in your book on pg 913)

blood found in the left ventricle

blood found in the right atrium

blood found in the superior vena cava

blood found in the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4 Which of these is an example of pulmonary circulation?

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Blood is pumped from the aorta to the cardiac vein.

Blood is pumped from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

QUESTION 5 O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions?

an increase in the PO2 of the tissue

a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall

a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

QUESTION 6 Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?

a decrease in temperature

a decrease in carbon dioxide levels

a decrease in pH

a decrease in carbonic anhydrase

QUESTION 7 How does the medulla oblongata sense the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A. Carbonic anhydrase produced by cells performing cellular respiration is exported and travels though the blood, and binds to a receptor on the medullary respiratory center, which causes a signal amplification resulting in a change in gene expression which results in the production of proteins that will cause the diaphragm to contract

B. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which increases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

C. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which decreases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

D. A and B

E. A and C

QUESTION 8 Which of the following parts of the lung are considered "dead space"? A. The alveoli B. The trachea C. The bronchi D. B and C E. All of the above

QUESTION 9 Which of the following blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

QUESTION 10 How does the interstitial fluid return to the bloodstream?

A. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the osmotic pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the blood pressure driving fluid out of the blood

B. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the blood pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the osmotic pressure driving fluid out of the blood

C. Interstitial fluid leaves the tissue via lymphatic ducts and travels through the lymphatic system, which returns the fluid to the veins. D. A and C

E. B and C

QUESTION 11 True or False: When an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) shows a flat line (aka asystole), medical personnel will restart the heart using a defibrillator.

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PATH 300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Phagocyte, Amikacin, Surface Tension

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