PHGY 210 Lecture Notes - Reabsorption, Peritubular Capillaries, Glomerular Basement Membrane

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14 May 2012

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You are not responsible for the material in the textbook not covered in lectures. If one stops working, you can live with using just one. Behind the peritoneum on either side of the vertebral column against the posterior abdominal wall. Location of kidneys very close to the small of your back. At the end of travel, everything leaves through the renal vein. Each kidney contains ~1 million subunits called nephrons. Renal corpuscle: glomerulus (capillary loops, bowmans capsule. Final composition of the urine is very different than whats filtered here. Composition: as if corpuscle is punching into the balloon of the bowman"s capsule. Visceral layer is a mono layer of cells called podocytes. Glomerulus is the place where the first filtration occurs. The three layers are called the filtration barrier. Barriers make sure that nothing that shouldn"t be excreted is (eg: proteins) Three processes of urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption.

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Hi this is the introduction that I have written for my poster. Myposter is on the following URL (please have a look!).

http://i55.tinypic.com/e0g0w5.jpg

Please correct the introduction for any scientific or grammaticalerrors and give me your suggestions about this section as well asthe overall poster. Thanks

This is very important so if you are not good at it pleasedon't answer.

Here is the introduction :

Have you ever thought about why would thrilling rides getyou excited, make your heart racing orsometimes even make you start screaming from the depths of yourcore, forming a bead of sweat on your forehead?

Well, the answer lies in physics. These rides demonstratevery good examples of the physics laws and concepts involved innature and their affect on us in real life applications.

Height, weightlessness, high velocity, hugeacceleration, the sudden impulse and themomentary change in momentum, the work being done and the suddenchange in energy are all factors that contribute inmaking a thrilling ride an exciting one. Those factorsmake adrenalin concentrations in our body system increasecausing higher blood pressure thus stimulating theheart.. They also make the rider in a lot ofuncertainty and unexpected visual cues.

An example of a thrilling ride is the Giant Drop which isa freefall ride involving the drawing of an eight seat carriage bytwin cables to the top of the tower. After one minute full ofanxiety, the riders are plummeted down a height of 39 stories(almost 115m) then brought to a halt within meters from the groundby a sophisticated magnetic braking system.

Fill in the nine gaps in this table.
Symbol B
Protons 19
Neutrons 20
Electrons 18
Mass number 11 40

Identify the unknown particle (X) in the following equations fornuclear decay, and state whether each process is alpha decay, betadecay, or gamma decay. (Type your answer according to this format:4 2 He represents . Use gamma to enter ?.)
(a) ? X + -
X =

(b) ? + X
X =

(c) ? + X
X =

Actinium-225 () undergoes alpha decay.
(a) Write the equation. (Enter the mass number in the first raisedbox, the atomic number in the second lower box, and the element,with charge if necessary, in the third box.)
? + He

(b) The daughter formed in part (a) undergoes beta decay. Write theequation. (Enter the mass number in the first raised box, theatomic number in the second lower box, and the element, with chargeif necessary, in the third box.)
? + e

Classify each of the following materials as an element, compound,heterogeneous mixture, or homogeneous mixture.
(a) concrete
element
compound
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture

(b) clear apple juice
element
compound
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture

(c) nitrogen
element
compound
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture

(d) ozone
element
compound
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture

Refer to the figure below. Find the approximate solubility (g/100 gwater) of sugar at 20Â°C.
g/100 g of water

Give the symbol for each of the following elements.
(a) lead

(b) sodium

(c) oxygen

Give the name of each element.
(a) Cu

(b) Bi

(c) Ti

Volcanoes emit much hydrogen sulfide gas, H2S, which reacts withthe oxygen in the air to form water and sulfur dioxide, SO2. Every53 tons of H2S reacts with 75 tons of oxygen and forms 28 tons ofwater. How many tons of SO2 are formed?

An antacid tablet weighing 0.939 g contained calcium carbonate asthe active ingredient, in addition to an inert binder. When an acidsolution weighing 56.233 g was added to the tablet, carbon dioxidegas was released, producing a fizz. The resulting solution weighed56.954 g. How many grams of carbon dioxide were produced?

Calculate (to the nearest 0.1 u) the formula mass of thesecompounds.
(a) sodium phosphate, Na3PO4
u

(b) methane, CH4
u

(c) silver cyanide, AgCN
u

Calculate (to the nearest 0.1 u) the formula mass of thesecompounds.
(a) silver carbonate, Ag2CO3
u

(b) calcium bromide, CaBr2
u

(c) magnesium hydroxide, MgOH
u

Balance these chemical equations. (Use the lowest possiblecoefficients.)
(a) O2 + N2H4 ? H2O2 + N2

(b) Sr + H2O ? Sr(OH)2 + H2

(c) NH3 + O2 ? N2 + H2O

(d) Al + Fe3O4 ? Al2O3 + Fe

(e) Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O ? Fe(OH)3

(f) Pb(NO3)2 ? PbO + NO2 + O2

(a) Calcium and chlorine react to give calcium chloride in acombination reaction. Write and balance the equation. (Type youranswer using the format CO2 for CO2. Use the lowest possiblecoefficients.)

Ca + ?

(b) Heating decomposes Na2CO3 to sodium oxide and carbon dioxide.Write and balance the equation. Type your answer using the formatCO2 for CO2. Use the lowest possible coefficients.)

Na2CO3 ? + CO2

Write and balance the reaction for the complete combustion ofmethanol, CH3OH. (Type your answer using the format CO2 for CO2.Use the lowest possible coefficients.)

19. The interstellar medium has a cool component measuredvia_________ observations and a hot component revealed by________observations.
AX-ray; optical
BX-ray; infrared
CX-ray;gamma-ray
Doptical; X-ray
Einfrared; X-ray

20. Which of the following processes will NOT cause a gas cloudtocollapse?
Aionization from youngstars
Bsupernovaexplosions
Cgalacticrotation
Dthe expansion of theUniverse

21. What is responsible for emitting photons in anemissionnebula?
Aexcitedprotons
Bexcitedneutrons
Cexcitedelectrons
Dexcitedneutrinos
Eexcitedastronomers

22. White dwarf stars are supported from collapse by
Anuclear fusionreactions in a shell around the core.
Belectron degeneracypressure.
Cnuclear fusion reactionsin their cores.
Dcentrifugal force due torapid rotation.

23. The "star" that is seen at the center of a planetarynebulais
Aa planet in theprocess of formation.
Ba small, hot, and verydense, white dwarf star.
Cthe accretion disk arounda black hole.
Dcomposed almost entirelyof neutrons, and is spinning rapidly.

24. A white dwarf star, the surviving core of a low-massstartowards the end of its life, can be found ontheHertzsprung-Russell diagram
Aat the bottom end ofthe main sequence, along which it has evolvedthroughout itslife.
Babove and to the right ofthe main sequence, since it evolved thereafter itshydrogen-burning phase.
Cbelow and to the left ofthe main sequence.
Dat the upper left end ofthe main sequence, since its surfacetemperature is extremelyhigh.

25. The mechanism which gives rise to the phenomenon of thenovais
Amaterial fallinginto a black hole and being condensed to the pointwhere athermonuclear explosion is produced.
Bthe impact and subsequentexplosion of a large comet nucleus upon astar's surface.
Cthe completedisintegration of a massive star because ofthermonuclear runawayin the star's interior.
Dmatter from a companionstar falling onto a white dwarf in a closebinary system,eventually causing a nuclear explosion on thedwarf'ssurface.

PHGY 210 Lecture Notes - Reabsorption, Peritubular Capillaries, Glomerular Basement Membrane

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