PSYC 311 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Basal Ganglia, Brodmann Area 45, Ibm Officevision
8 Jun 2018
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May 29th, 2017
1
Lecture 14 Week 5 Class 1 (last class)
- Reading:
o Petrides: frontal lobes and memory
o Petrides: working memory
- Location of the final: Bronfman
- Broadmann area 4 area 6: primary motor cortex (motor cortical area): agranular
o Cortex forward of area 6: pre frontal cortex: layer 4 started to appear again, and
are called: frontal granular cortex
o We could say that in the posterior part of frontal cortex, there is the motor
cortex (agranular) cortex
o in the anterior part of frontal cortex, is the pre-frontal
(granular) cortex
- defiit esult fo fotal ote daage does’t fall i to the pshologial ategoies
- One very famous case is Phineas Cage
o Not as perfect as H.M. because it is an excision of the cortex, and he was not
documented perfectly by psychologists. No tests to document his behavior.
o Supervisor of the road construction, piece of iron went through his eyes and
went through frontal lobe.
o His personality changed completely: his behavior is strange, he is not organized
any more. Before he was very reliable
o He becomes DISORGANIZED
- What have we learned about frontal cortex (area 8)?
o Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
▪ Braddon Milner used it to test patients with cortical excisions in frontal
lobe
▪ Milner found that these patients as a group tend to have problem on
Wisconsin card sorting test
• It is a set of cads that has red circles or black circles or blue stars,
they have different numbers and shapes.
• These cards were used to test normal university students’ ailit
to categorize cards.
•
• once you put your card, you get a feedback: wrong or right.
• If ou get feedak ight he the olo athes olo. You
ko the ule is athig olo. The the ule hages ithout
tellig the plaes, the ule ill eoe sotig shapes.
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May 29th, 2017
2
Normally, people once discover the rule has changed, they will
start playing by the new rule.
• Patients with frontal cortex lesions. The get stuk ith fist ule
o atego. Whe the ule is haged, the patiets keep
plaig, although ee tie the hea the og feedak,
the a’t hage to e atego.
• Preservation problem: problem in failure of change the way of
behavior when the environment is telling you this is not the
correct category/choice/way of going about things.
• These patients are able to make choices, to perceive and
remember things, just like anyone else. However, when the
iustae o eioet hages, the a’t eoside thei
choice, which was correct before, but is no longer correct any
more.
• Do they have problem perceiving things? No, they do’t hae
visual agnosia.
• Do they have alexia or agraphia? No.
• Do they have problems in understanding spatial relationship? NO
• They do’t hae amnesia.
▪ H.M does very well in this test. Once they have one category in his
mind, he can keep his attention on that category, and keeps playing.
▪ H.M has perfect working memory. His temporal, parietal, temporal
connections are perfect.
- Working memory vs. short term memory
o Short term memory: related to working memory, but is not working memory.
▪ Hold in your mind for a short time period
▪ You have information in our short term memory, and if we keep refresh
the info many times, it goes to long term memory (the problem of H.M,
his shot te eo a’t eoe log te eo)
- In real life, we hold information for a short-term memory, to work on it.
Hence, working memory
o Working memory: when you hold info online to work on it
o Online, ongoing information in your mind, for a short period of time.
o E.g. When doing a math question, you hold on the numbers on your
head, and calculate them.
o How is attention different from working memory:
▪ Not all attention is working memory. You can have attention, but
do’t euie okig eo.
- Frontal lobe is important for working memory.
- Jacobsen:
o Peanut is shown repeatedly under two different areas
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