PSYC 403 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Dorothea Dix, William Tuke, Sigmund Freud
13 May 2018
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Historical Perspectives on Psychotherapy
• Zeitgeist
o Gea od eaig spiit of the ties
• The dominant form of psychotherapy has changed over time
• Considerations:
o What is believed to be the cause of psychological problems?
▪ Used to believe that demons and possessions caused mental illness
o Who is thought to be qualified to perform psychotherapy?
▪ Psychiatrists or psychologists or social workers
o Can we use the scientific method to understand human behavior?
o Can we study psychotherapy using the scientific method?
• Early treatment traditions
o Prior to the 19th century
▪ Individuals with mental illness were seen as troublesome and removed
from society
▪ Used to have a show for a penny at hospitals-> pay to walk through the
cells of people with mental illness
o 19th century- moral treatment
▪ Wanting to create a warm and trusting environment
▪ Could participate in normal activities
▪ Increase the identity of people with mental illness
▪ Create a caring environment
▪ Led to the development of asylums
▪ Major figures:
• Philipe Pinel
o France
o Free people from chains
• William Tuke
o England
o Created one of the first kinds of asylums- the York retreat
o Beautiful place, where people went to stay
• Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix
o US
o Involved in moral management
o Brought traditions from Europe to the US
o Dix lobbied the government for funds to build the asylums
▪ Moved eventually to a community model, where they could be
outpatients
o Psychoanalysis
▪ Sigmund Freud- trained as a neurologist
▪ Seeing patients who had physical symptoms without a physical
explanation
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▪ Wondered if there could be a psychogenic explanation for those
symptoms
▪ First to establish a private practice
▪ Wrote several books- Hysteria, Interpretation of Dreams
▪ Invited by G. Stanley Hall to US
• Discussed the famous case of Anna O.
• Diagnosed her with hysteria
▪ Feud’s ajo otiutios:
• Drive theory-> idiidual’s otiatio fo ehaig ee elated
to their sexual desires
o Behavior is unconsciously driven by sex
o Later in his career he recognized fear as a drive
• 3 levels of consciousness: unconsciousness, preconscious,
conscious
o Concerned with the unconscious level
• Personality structure: id, ego, superego
o Ego mediates the id and superego
• Psychosexual stages of development
o Corresponded to different age ranges
o Related each age to a psychosexual zone
• Defense mechanisms
o Repression, denial, projection, sublimation
o Allos the ego to potet the peso’s osiousess
• Therapy techniques
o Free association, interpretation, dream analysis
• Focus on transference, countertransference, and resistance
o The client experiences the therapist as someone they
knew previously in their lifetime
o Resistance-> resistant to treatment or change in some way
o Neo-Freudians
▪ Alfred Adler
• Thought Freud focused too much on sex
• Inferiority complex-> compare yourself and feel inferior
• Emphasized social rather than self-functioning
▪ Karen Horney
• Neuroses on a continuum
• All of us have some aspects of neuroses
• Conceptualize psychological problems on a dimensional basis
• Feminist psychology -> Freud was too male centric
▪ Carl Jung
• Tried to merge his schools of thought with Freud
• Believed in the collective unconscious-> collection of other
people’s eliefs
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find more resources at oneclass.com
