BIOLOGY 1A03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Rho Factor, Phosphodiester Bond, Nucleic Acid Sequence

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19 Feb 2017

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Unit 1: Reading the Blueprint

• Genes: Sections of the DNA molecule which contain information that is then

transcribed into an RNA copy.

• The central dogma: The process of interpreting genes into proteins.

Unit 2: Transcription in Prokaryotes

• RNA is complimentary and antiparallel.

• RNA is the same as the contemplate strand (complementary to DNA).

• RNA polymerase attaches to promoter regions for RNA to be transcribed.

• RNA attaches 5’ relative to the gene of interest.

• Polymerase will move in 3’ to 5’ direction synthesizing an RNA that is 5’ to 3’.

• Nucleotide sequence known as terminator on DNA strand will stop RNA transcription

and release it, located on 3’ end of DNA strand.

Transcription Initiation

• Consensus sequence: TATAAT = 1-base upstream and is promoter region.

• TTGCCA = 35 nucleotides upstream.

• Process of transcription requires the association of the RNA polymerase with proteins

called sigma factors which facilitate the binding of the promoter region of the DNA.

• To initiate transcription, pro. RNA polymerase is able to recruit different types of sigma

factors as a way to initiate transcription of different types of genes.

• Transcription initiation will start when RNA polymerase core enzyme binds to a

sigma subunit to create a holoenzyme that is capable of binding to and

unwinding the DNA helix.

Transcription occurs within the RNA polymerase enzyme.

• Transcription bubble.

• RNA-DNA duplex.

• RNA polymerase engages an open conformation and functions as a molecular

machine.

• RNA polymerase is able to restore the DNA double helix once the transcript is

produced.

• As the DNA molecule is synthesized it dissociates with the DNA template, and the DNA

helix is able to reform.

• A single gene can be transcribed by several RNA polymerase at a time to make

greater copies of a single gene.

Elongation at the 3’ end

• Ribonucleotide triphosphate will correctly base pair with the template DNA. The

phosphate energy of the incoming ribonucleotide triphosphate is used to drive the high

energy reaction process that is required to create a phosphodiester bond between the

incoming nucleotide and the growing RNA transcript.

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Related Questions

The promoter region of a gene has undergone an inversion such that the 3â² end of the initiation site is upstream of the rest of the promoter sequence. This will affect the transcription of this gene in all the following ways except

a. the determination of the coding strand.

b. the orientation of the RNA polymerase.

c. the binding of RNA polymerase to the initiation site.

d. the separation of the double-stranded DNA.

e. the nucleotide with which transcription begins.

Which type of RNA is unique to eukaryotes?

		mRNA
		rRNA
		tRNA
		snRNA
		Its a trick, all cells have all four types of RNA.

1 points

QUESTION 2

The region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is the:

		origin
		promoter
		enhancer
		none of the above are correct

1 points

QUESTION 3

Holoenzyme:

		is RNA polymerase core enzyme.
		is sigma factor.
		is core plus sigma factor.
		none of the above are correct.

1 points

QUESTION 4

Which of these is formed FIRST when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter?

		The closed promoter complex
		The open promoter complex
		A rho-independent terminator
		none of the above are correct.

1 points

QUESTION 5

A hairpin loop followed by a run of Us:

		is the sequence formed in the sense strand of a gene using a rho-independent terminator.
		is the sequence recognized by the rho protein.
		is the structure formed in RNA that causes rho-independent termination.
		is formed immediately after the open promoter complex is formed.

1 points

QUESTION 6

RNA polymerase:

		reads the template strand of the DNA in the 3' to 5' direction.
		synthesizes the RNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
		can begin transcription without a primer.
		all of the above are correct.

1 points

QUESTION 7

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

		Bacteria like E. coli have only one type of sigma factor.
		RNA polymerase has no proofreading activity.
		The promoter of a gene is upstream of the RNA-coding region.
		Bacterial transcriptional terminators are copied into RNA to cause termination.

1 points

QUESTION 8

If the template strand of a gene has the sequence 5' ATGCGAT 3', then:

		the RNA produced will have the sequence 5' AUGCGAU 3'.
		the RNA produced will have the sequence 5' UAGCGUA 3'.
		the RNA produced will have the sequence 5' AUCGCAU 3'.
		None of the above are correct.

1 points

QUESTION 9

The sense strand:

		is the lagging strand
		is also the template strand.
		always goes left to right.
		none of the above are correct.

1 points

QUESTION 10

Which of these is transcribed but not translated?

		mRNA
		tRNA
		rRNA
		all of the above
		tRNA and rRNA are transcribed but not translated.

please help i am a bit confused

Eukaryotic transcription normally takes place on a chromatin template at nuclease-accessible sites.(True/False)

*After promoter clearance by RNA polymerase II:

A) all associated factors remain bound to the polymerase for elongation.

B) a subset of factors remain at the promoter region.

*Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) RNA polymerase II is responsible for the transcription of genes encoding protein-coding sequences only.

B) Many promoters recognized by RNA polymerase II contain regulatory elements several kbp upstream of the initiation site.

C) TFIIB has a role in converting a closed-promoter into an open-promoter complex.

D) The C-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA pol II undergoes extensive phosphorylation prior to transcription elongation.

E) A multiprotein complex is involved in communication between upstream control elements and proteins bound at the promoter.

C) no further elongation factors are acquired by the polymerase.

D) no further chromatin remodeling is required.

E) transcription continues until the polymerase reaches the poly (A) tail

*In eukaryotes RNA polymerase I transcribes all of the ribosomal RNA components.(TRUE/FALSE)

BIOLOGY 1A03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Rho Factor, Phosphodiester Bond, Nucleic Acid Sequence

BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

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