BIOLOGY 1A03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Transcription Bubble, Sigma Factor, Consensus Sequence

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BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

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Describe the basic mechanism of transcripion in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Idenify how rna polymerase is able to create an rna transcript from a dna transcript. Illustrate how messenger rnas are processed in eukaryotes. Explain how compartmentalizaion of eukaryoic cells allows for transcripion and funcional maturaion of mrna prior to translaion in the cytosol. Dna molecules are called the blueprint of the cell because each dna molecule will oten contain thousands of genes that code for proteins or rna molecules that have various funcions in the cell. Dna is stored but informaion can be drawn out and transmited for important cellular processes. Genes are secions of the dna molecule which contain informaion that is then transcribed into an rna copy. Genes present in a dna molecule are able to code for speciic proteins. This process of copying and interpreing genes into proteins is known as the central dogma.

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1 DNA sequences found in introns provide [A] amino acid sequence information.

[B] regulatory information.
[C] no known useful information.

[D] structure for the gene.
[E] alternative DNA splicing possibilities.

3. The TATA box is a(n)
[A] sequence close to the promoter region of many genes.
[B] square-shaped sequence.
[C] enhancer consensus sequence.
[D] activator sequence necessary for proper translation.
[E] None of the above

5. Regarding genes and gene expression, which of the following is not a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
[A] Eukaryotic DNA does not contain a TATA box close to the initiation site as does prokaryotic DNA.

[B] In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase requires

'transcription factors'or initiation.

[C] Prokaryotic genes are often grouped together in

operons.

[D] In eukaryotes, the regulation of several genes at once requires common control elements in each of the genes.
[E] There is a diversity of eukaryotic polymerases that is reflected in the diversity of eukaryotic promoters.

10) In eukaryotic cells, a repressor

[A] is made of DNA.
[B] binds to the enhancer region to block transcription. [

C] is located both upstream and downstream from the promoter.
[D] binds to the operator to block RNA polymerase.

[E] binds to a silencer to reduce transcription rates.

Coordinated regulation of genes in eukaryotic cells [A] is the result of positioning the same regulatory sequence in front of each gene.
[B] results from all of those genes being under the control of one promoter.

[C] occurs because related genes all have the same

operons.
[D] occurs because enhancers cause DNA to bend.

1. There are viruses, called bacteriophage, that infectbacterial cells. Following viral entry, the cell begins tosynthesize viral DNA and viral proteins, leading to the productionof mature virus and the death of the bacterial cell. During thecourse of viral infection, transcription of bacterial genes isturned off so that transcription of viral genes predominates. Whichof the following is the most likely explanation for how the virusmanages to shift transcription from bacterial genes to its owngenes?

a. it synthesizes a viral RNA polymerase that recognizes onlyviral promoters

b. it synthesizes a viral DNA polymerase that recognizes onlyviral origins

c. it synthesizes a viral sigma subunit that directs thebacterial RNA polymerase to viral promoters

d. it has special viral ribosomes that only translate viralproteins

2. Unlike bacterial transcripts, eukaryotic RNA transcripts arechemically modified because:

a. Chemical groups help protect the mRNAs from degradation inthe eukaryotic cytoplasm, bacterial mRNAs are not degraded

b. Chemical groups facilitate the transport of eukaryotic RNAsfrom the nucleus to the cytoplasm, bacterial RNAs are synthesizedin the cytoplasm

c. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases cannot transcribe genes unlessthey are chemically modified, bacterial RNA polymerases transcribeunmodified genes

d. Transcripts in eukaryotic cells contain non coding regionsthat must be removed, bacterial transcripts contain only codingsequence

e. b and d

3. Termination of transcription in both E. coli and eukaryoticcells occurs because

a. there is a termination signal in the DNA following the genesequence.

b. there is a hairpin structure followed by a string of U

copperturtle968

1. What reaction is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase and used in the laboratory to generate cDNA?

a. transcription of RNA to DNA

b. transcription of DNA to RNA

c. conversion of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides

d. translation of RNA to DNA

e. conversion of a ribonucleotide to a DNA double helix

2. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine the amount of mRNA arising from a particular gene.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. b and c

3. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine how a primary transcript is converted to mature mRNA

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. a and d

4. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine when a particular mRNA is actually used in protein synthesis.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. None of the above because protein synthesis takes place immediately

5. Under what circumstances do cells selectively activate and suppress their genes?

a. at different stages of embryonic development

b. in different tissues

c. exposure to different types of stimuli

d. No such circumstances exist in natureâcells express all their genes throughout life.

e. a, b and c

6. Which statement about the control of gene expression is FALSE?

a. A single gene may be controlled by different transcription factors.

b. A single transcription factor may be necessary for the expression of different genes.

c. Each cell type has a characteristic pattern of gene transcription, which is determined by the particular complement of transcription factors contained in that cell.

d. Expression of protein genes is primarily controlled in nucleoli

e. Control of gene transcription is complex and influenced by various circumstances.

7. What is thought to maintain X chromosome inactivation in females?

a. DNA acetylation

b. DNA methylation

c. RNA inactivation

d. Histone methylation

e. None of the above because both X chromosomes are active in females and males.

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BIOLOGY 1A03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Transcription Bubble, Sigma Factor, Consensus Sequence

BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

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