BIOLOGY 1M03 Lecture 53: Chapter 53

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limedonkey197

22 Jun 2016

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The nature of interactions between species frequently changes over time. The assemblage of species found in a biological community changes over time and is primarily a function of climate and chance historical events. Species diversity is high in the tropics and lower toward the poles. The mechanism responsible for this pattern is still being investigated. Because the species in a community interact almost constantly, the fate of a particular population may be tightly linked to the other species that share its habitat. Biologists consider the effects of interactions among species on the fitness of the individuals involved. A relationship between two species that provides a fitness benefit to members of one species is a + interaction. Such a relationship that hurts members of the other species is a interaction. A relationship that has no effect on the members of either species is a 0 interaction. Species interactions may affect the distribution and abundance of a particular species.

Related Questions

1.What is an ecological footprint? What is the greatestcontribution that you make to your footprint? How could you reduceit?

2. Are humans a keystone species? Support your answer.

3. Why does community connectedness matter?

4. Why does community change matter?

5. What kind of environmental features favor pioneer species,what kind favor climax/late succession species? What kinds ofadaptations favor pioneer species, and what kinds favor climaxspecies?

5. What do we mean when we say that landscapes are stable?

6. What would a community ecologist be able to learn from the USCensus?

7. What does evolution have to do with community ecology?

8. What role does disturbance play in ecology? Giveexamples.

9. You will be expected to be able to calculate species richnessand determine evenness and species diversity indices.

10. You will be expected to make a connection between carryingcapacity, population growth, and community succession in NewJersey.

11. What are the factors that can or could influence thecarrying capacity of NJ?

12. Rank the following three factors in terms of their impact onhuman carrying capacity: space availability, food availability,money availability.

13. Why are some invasive species more successful (i.e. havegreater fitness) in their introduced environment compared to theirnative environment?

14. What is global change about and how do our actions affectit? How is NJ going to be affected by global change?

15. Why, if it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winterin the northern hemisphere, do we see an overall increase in globalCO2 concentrations?

16. What is a dead zone and how is it created? What humanactivity (ies) help create a dead zone?

17. How would a fire that burns most of a forest affect theenergy, water, nutrient, and carbon cycles?

18. What are ecosystem services? Give an example of two.

19. Show how the energy and carbon cycles are inter-related.Explain what is happening in your diagram.

20. You need to be able to explain why nitrogen is important andwhy too much nitrogen is bad.

21. Which gas is more important for global warming:CO₂ or methane? Why?

22. What are the major carbon sinks and sources on earth?

23. What evidence do we have that CO2 concentration of theatmosphere has increased in the last 200 years and what evidence dowe have that that increase is due to human activity?

24. What is happening to our oceans in response to the increasein CO2 in the atmosphere. Be complete, there is more than one partto this answer.

25. How do we know that global warming is and will have animpact on populations, communities, and ecosystems?

26. Given what we know about Japanese knotweed, global change,and human activity, explain the interactions and consequences ofJapanese knotweed invasion on our water supply. You need toinclude, the physiology of the plant, the population ecology of theplant, the water cycle (ecosystems), and global change.

27. Regional climate change models predict that this area willget warmer and receive more rainfall. They also predict thatagriculture (i.e. growing plants) will suffer. Explain why. Becomplete in your answer. There are several factors at workhere.

28. Why are sea-levels increasing globally? Give a detailedanswer. What are some likely consequences going to be (other thanlosing land).

greywasp586

In a small paragraph, compare and summarize these two articles.

Article 1 Description

This article is an observational study, which discusses how frequency dependent selection affects two phenotypes of a predator through differential guarding response. The researcher examines the ratio of handedness of two samples of P. microlepis collected from two adjacent sites along Lake Tanganyikaâs northwestern shoreline for a period of eleven years. The process of observations includes observing the correspondence between the handedness of P. microlepis and their targeted prey (Hori, 1993). The researcher carried observations to identify the direction from which P. microlepis attacked the flank of their prey. Moreover, the researcher used a gill net to catch each P. microlepis that attacked the lure. Catching the P. microbes made it possible for the researcher to observe its features and determine its handedness. The researcher determined the handedness of the scales of P. microlepis by observing the fish under a microscope.

During the period of study, Hori (1993) established that the ratio of handedness of P. microbes remained at 0.5 for each one-to-two year intervals throughout the eleven years of the study. Further investigations on temporal changes in handedness ratio showed that the ratio oscillated with amplitude of 0.15 within a five-year period (Hori, 1993). These observations were made for the two species of P. microlepis under investigation. The researcher concludes that the direction of mouth opening of scale eating cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika is determined by the genetics of the fish. The researcher demonstrates that frequency-dependent natural selection determines the number of left-handedness or right-handedness fish. Based on researcherâs observations, when right-handed fish attack from behind, they snatch the scales from their prey from the left flank (Hori, 1993). On the other hand, when left-handed fish attack their prey from behind, they attack the right flank (Hori, 1993). Therefore, fish with rare phenotypes are more successful as predators than ones that have the more predominant phenotype. This study can be used to guide researchers who are interested in seeking ways of increasing the population of different species of fish. It can also be used as a basis for investigations on how fish type determines its survival tactics or predator tactics.

Article 2 Description

The study was an experimental analysis which sought to quantify phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) frequency change over a period of time and compare Pgi genotypes based on physiological responses to high temperatures and subzero thermal extremes encountered by beetles in nature. The research seeks to establish how the local climate in Bishop relates to changes in allele frequency at Pgi and other allozyme loci. It also seeks to establish if ambient temperature of beetle habitants rise to levels that expose beetles to stressful temperature. The researcher also seeks to establish how Pgi genotypes differ physiologically when exposed to subzero temperatures. By answering these questions, the researcher will establish the relationship between changes in enzyme genotype frequency and regional climate changes in addition to investigating major physiological mechanisms through which animals respond to change in climate.

To answer research questions and test research hypothesis, the researchers carried out several experiments and analyses of data. The experimental study involved collecting adult beetles that had emergent recently from pupae for a period of one year between August 1988 and August 1989 (Rank & Dahlhoff, 2002). Their genotype was determined at five different polymorphic enzyme loci. Some of the things analyzed during the study include fluctuations in climate and allele frequency change; daily and annual mean values of air temperature, Effects of Pgi genotype on HSP70 expression, and quantification of Pgi genotype on HSP70 expression among other things (Rank & Dahlhoff, 2002). The study results revealed that although beetle populations were genetically different the FST-values for 1996 were greater for each enzyme locus than those for 1998 (Rank & Dahlhoff, 2002). Moreover, researchers established that the frequency of Pgi allele had increased by 11 percent, a trend that was not observed for all the other loci investigated. Therefore, the researchers conclude that Pgi genotype differences in thermal physiology account for Pgi allele frequency change in nature. Contrary to selected hypothesis that the frequency of Pgi allele should increase with decrease in temperature, the study established that the frequency of Pgi allele decrease with decrease in temperature. This work is important because it provides a basis for more research on how variations in temperature affect beetle populations. The study findings can be used to guide researchers who are interested in seeking ways of protecting endangered beetle populations in different climatic conditions.

BIOLOGY 1M03 Lecture 53: Chapter 53

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