GEOG 2OC3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Clovis, New Mexico, Clovis Culture, Laurentide Ice Sheet
23 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
2OC3
Week 4
Hua Eviroet Part I
Introduction
The First People
→ Pleistocene Era: start of global human colonisation
→ Homo Sapiens: evolved near African Rift Valley
o Over millions of years (Oligocene to Pleistocene)
o Slowly started migrating north into Europe and Asia
o Reached northeastern most part of Asia 18KYA
o Beringia: land bridge connecting North America and Northern Asia
o Genetic testing shows Native Americans are of Asian descent
▪ Crossed Beringia slowly into Alaska and spread from there
Influences of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
→ Still in existence today; influenced migration patterns
→ Migrated south through ice-free corridors
Conventional Wisdom: a body of ideas generally accepted as truth
Chronology of Discoveries
→ Majority of discoveries took place in the last 500 years
→ Limited knowledge of how Humans migrated to North America
o Uncovering new evidence as time goes on
Radiocarbon Dating
→ C14 (Carbon isotope) is radionuclide and subject to decay
→ C14 stops being recycled and decays into N14 when an organism dies
→ Ratio of C14 to N14 shows how long something has been decaying for
Clovis First Theory
→ Spear points dating back to roughly 11KYA found in Clovis, New Mexico
Other Lines of Evidence
→ 12KYA artifacts found at Monte Verde in Chile
→ Beringia blocked with ice before 11KYA (possible there was another way that humans
travelled to North America)
→ 19KYA artifacts found at Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania
→ 19KYA artifacts found at Pendejo Cave in New Mexico
→ Evidence of presence of humans in North America earlier than previously believed
Paradigm Shift: anomalies/contradictions to an existing conventional wisdom result in the
acceptance of a new way of thinking. Ex. Clovis First paradigm shifted to Pre-Clovis paradigm.
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find more resources at oneclass.com
2OC3
Week 4
L’Ase Au Meadows
→ Year 1000: Leif Erikson discovers Newfoundland naming it Vinland
o Name based on abundance of grapes
o Settlement housed up to 100 people
o Current day UNESCO world heritage site
o Contact 500 years prior to Christopher Columbus landing in 1492
Discovery of Canada
→ Second wave of people entered in 15th century
→ Atlantic coast discovered by French and British
→ Quebec City founded by French is oldest permanent Colony in Canada
→ French English and Natives worked together to make trading routes
→ By 1750, New France has population of 60K people
Caada’s Earl Ecooies
→ Built on the wealth of natural resources available in the area
→ Trade posts set up shortly after discovery
→ Fur trading = lucrative business
War of 1812
→ War between British North America and fledging American colonies
→ War was important in deciding Canadian/US border
→ War of Stoney Creek took place in Hamilton close to McMaster
Territorial Evolution
→ Canada product of struggle b/w Britain and France
→ Each country tried to expand land like into the Maritimes
→ 1867: united to form Dominion of Canada
o Ontario + Quebec + New Brunswick + Nova Scotia
o 3 million people divided between 4 provinces
o Under then British North America Act
→ 1870: Hudso’s Bay Copay tasfeed lad ko as Rupet’s Lad to Caada
o Red river Colony joined Canada as the province of Manitoba
→ 1871: British Colombia followed suit and joined Canada
→ 1873: Prince Edward Island becomes 7th province
→ 1905: Alberta and Saskatchewan become 8th and 9th provinces to join
→ 1949: Newfoundland joined Canada as the 10th and final province
→ 1879: Northwest Territories
→ 1898: Yukon
→ 1999: Nunavut
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find more resources at oneclass.com
2OC3
Week 4
Social Geography: interested in the study of how culture, ethnicity, demographics and human
welfare interact over space and through time (A.K.A. the geography of the human condition)
Caada’s Populatio
→ Current population of 35million
→ 1851-1951: +12.5 million people
→ 1951-present: +15 million people
→ Doubling time is 116 years
→ Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) low because of CBR and CDR
o Indicative of society in the fourth stage of the demographic transition model
→ Population Pyramids show demographic trends like wars, diseases, and popn. explosions
o Ex. Baby Boom after WWII
o Caada’s agig populatio ill euie oe okes to suppot etiees
→ Population Density: measure of the number of people per unit area
o Urban Settlement: population density of 400 people/square kilometer
o 90% of population lives in the extreme south (<200km to US border)
▪ Most habitable zone and closest to biggest trade partner (US)
→ Migration: long-term relocation from one area to another
o Inter-provincial = moving out of Maritimes, Manitoba and Saskatchewan
o BC and Alberta have highest population gain due to migration
o Push/Pull factors can be economic, social, political, etc.
▪ Economic is most important
o Immigration highest prior to WWI and post WWII
▪ Prior to WWI = British and Western Europe descent
▪ Post WWII = Eastern Europe descent
o Migatio is ipotat to the stability of Caada’s Populatio
▪ RNI may decrease below replacement levels (gap filled by migration)
o Today most immigrants come from Asian countries
→ Ethnicity: affiliation with a group whose racial, cultural, religious, or linguistic
characteristics or national origin separate it from the larger population
o Rich cultural mosaic of ethnicities in Canada
Public Demonstrations
→ Important way to express freedom and reach out to one another
→ Example: blockade of Gardiner Expressway by Tamil supporters calling attention to the
Sri Lankan Civil war in 2009
Urbanism
→ World population evenly divided between urban and rural
→ Developed Nations (Canada) 82% urban
→ Urban: any area with 1000 or more people + a density of 400ppl/km^2
→ Urbanization: process of societal change whereby urban population increases
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Pleistocene era: start of global human colonisation. Still in existence today; influenced migration patterns. Conventional wisdom: a body of ideas generally accepted as truth. Majority of discoveries took place in the last 500 years. Limited knowledge of how humans migrated to north america: uncovering new evidence as time goes on. C14 (carbon isotope) is radionuclide and subject to decay. C14 stops being recycled and decays into n14 when an organism dies. Ratio of c14 to n14 shows how long something has been decaying for. Spear points dating back to roughly 11kya found in clovis, new mexico. 12kya artifacts found at monte verde in chile. Beringia blocked with ice before 11kya (possible there was another way that humans travelled to north america) 19kya artifacts found at meadowcroft rockshelter in pennsylvania. 19kya artifacts found at pendejo cave in new mexico. Evidence of presence of humans in north america earlier than previously believed.
