HISTORY 3XX3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Factories Act 1847, Holy Alliance, Belgian Revolution
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22 May 2017
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History 3XX3
May 11, 2017
Human Rights are Political
Revolutionary Potential
- Asserting an entitlement to rights provides an influential means of seeking change
Emancipatory Logic
- If one group gets to enjoy rights, then it becomes logical for other groups to assert that
they too should enjoy such rights
- The ise ad ise of hua ights
Human Rights in the Industrial Age
Civil and Political Rights continue to evolve
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights emerge
Slavery
Enlightenment ideas of human rights left out certain people
Locke and Jefferson owned slaves
Viewing people as property is a political interest; slaves, poor, women, etc.
John Locke
- ee feea of Caolia shall hae asolute poe ad authoit oe his ego
slaes
Montesquieu
- it is ipossile fo us to suppose these eatues to e e; eause alloig the to
e e, a suspiious ould follo that e ouseles ae ot Chistias
Abolition
Africans not sold in England but brought in from elsewhere
As foreigners, had no rights as English citizens
Lord Mansfield in the Somersett case, 1772
- slae is so odious that othig a e suffeed to suppot it
- Slavery was unsupported by law in England
- By 1774, 10,000 slaves freed in England
1787 Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade forms
Focuses on lobbying Parliament
1807 Slave Trade Act
- Outlaws the Slave Trade in the British Empire
- Requires British government to seek an end to the slave trade
Bitai’s Na efoes aolitio
1808-60
- The Royal Navy capture 1600 slave ships, freeing 150,000 Africans
British invasions of Nigeria, Malawi, Zanzibar to stop slavery
1823 Anti-Slavery Society
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- Shifts focus to global slave trade, becoming British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
Slave Rebellions
- Jamaica (1766,1798, 1831-2), Barbados (1816), British Guiana (1823)
1833 Slavery Abolition Act
- Abolition across the British Empire
1815 Congress of Vienna
- Declares slavery repugnant
1885 Berlin Conference on Africa
- Bans slavery – but carves up Africa
1890 Brussels Conference
- allows search of vessels in African waters
1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- affirms suppression of the slave trade
Slavery in the United States
1777-1804 Northern states abolish slavery
- ude the ostitutio, slaes outed as thee-fifths of all othe Pesos
Alexander Hamilton
- Muh has ee said of the ipopiet of epesetig e ho hae o ill of thei
o… The ae e though degaded to the oditio of slae. The ae pesos
known to the municipal laws of the states which they inhabit, as well as to the laws of
atue. But epesetatio ad taatio go togethe… Would it e just to ipose a
sigula ude, ithout ofeig soe adeuate adatage?
1857 Dred Scott versus Sandford
United States Supreme Court decides 7-2 that:
- a slave did not become free when taken into a free state
- Congress could not bar slavery from territory
- People of African descent imported to the United States, and their descendants could
never be citizens
Abolition
William Lloyd Garrison, American Anti-Slavery Society
- Let “outhe oppessos tele – let the seet aettes tele
Slavery and the Civil War
1860
- of 1,515,605 free families in the fifteen slave states, nearly 400,000 held slaves
- Four million slaves, or over 12% of the total population of the United States
Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina
from the Federal Union, 1860
Abraham Lincoln 1862
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If I ould sae the Uio ithout feeig a slae, I ould do it; ad if I ould sae it
feeig all the slaes, I ould do it.
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln, 1 January 1863
If slae is ot og, othig is og.
Emancipation Proclamation immediately changes legal status of slaves in the Confederate
States from slaves to freemen
Abolition
Thirteenth Amendment, 1865
- Legally abolishes slavery except as punishment for a crime
Fourteenth Amendment, 1868
- Citizenship to all persons born in the United States
- Equal rights
During Reconstruction (1863-77), federal troops are posted in the South to ensure abolition
Ku Klux Klan rose in the south to intimidate black people from voting, killed Northern troops
The federal government became unwilling to enforce the fourteenth amendment, leading to
the Jim Crow Laws
Attitudes did’t hage toads lak people, alloig segegatio ee hee it as’t legal
Iteratioal Workig Me’s Associatio to Licol, 18
We ogatulate the Aeia people upo ou e-eletio a lage ajoit
The workingmen of Europe feel sure that as the American War of Independence initiated a new
era of ascendany for the middle class
Nationalism
1800s sees growth of nationalism
- Right to self-determination for minority people
Giuseppe Mazzii What is a Country, but the place in which our individual rights are most
seue?
As rights emerge, so does citizenship, and it in turn becomes tied to nation
Jus sanguinis: right of blood
Jus soli: right of the soil
Napoleon inspires nationalist struggles
- Consolidates city states and principalities in Germany and Italy
- Nationalist demands by Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, and others
Collapse of the Spanish empire, 1810-24
- Simón Bolívar liberates: Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, (Peru)
- José de san Martín liberates Argentina, Chile, (Peru)
Congress of Vienna
- Ignores nationalist demands by countries
Conservative Restoration
Monarchy returns to France in 1814
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