KINESIOL 1YY3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Arytenoid Cartilage, Nasal Vestibule

60 views18 pages

crimsonbat46

3 Sep 2018

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Respiratory System

Breathing & Respiration

3 Processes Required for Respiration to Occur:

1. Ventilation: movement of air into & out of lungs (breathing)

2. External Respiration: gas exchange between air in lungs & blood; transport of O2 & CO2 into the blood

3. Internal Respiration: gas exchange b/n blood & tissue; taking gases & moving them into/ out of the tissues from the blood

Other Respiratory System Function

1. Regulation of blood pH: altered by changing blood CO2 levels; bicarbonate system buffer the pH changes

2. Production of chemical mediators: ACE; produced by lungs to control BP

3. Voice production: movement of air past vocal folds makes sound & speech

4. Olfaction: smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into nasal cavity

5. Protection: against microorganisms by preventing

entry & removing them from respiratory surfaces

Characterizing Respiratory System

Divided into 2 Parts

1. Upper Respiratory System

○ Nose & Nasal Cavity

○ Pharynx (throat)

2. Lower Respiratory System

○ Larynx (voice box)

○ Trachea (windpipe)

○ Bronchi

○ Lungs

Conducting Zones vs Respiratory Zones

1. Conducting Zones: where we have movement of air

but no gas exchange

○ Upper & Lower Resp structures

2. Respiratory Zones: where gas exchange is actually

happening

○ Alveoli

Nose & Nasal Cavity

- There to make sure no particles make it into the

respiratory system

- Nose is made of cartilage & bone; cartilage helps to make the openings (external nares)

- Just inside the nares is the nasal vestibule; they are stratified squamous epithelial cell lined with hairs; enables us to trap

large particles that are floating around in the air (1st line of defense)

- Base of nasal cavity (hard palate) is made of the maxillary & palatine bone; separates the oral & nasal cavity

- Nasal Conchae are ridges that line lateral sides of the nasal cavity; superior, middle, inferior; job is to help create turbulent

air flow & creates a large SA for mucous membranes

- All surfaces w/in cavity are lined with mucous membranes so mucous can trap any smaller particles, highly vascular which

helps to heat the air as it moves & adds moisture

- In b/n the conchae, there are canals that are formed known as the nasal meatuses; they are the passageways where the

air is going to move from the vestibule towards the back of the cavity

- Superior meatus is between the superior & middle conchae

- Middle meatus is between the middle & inferior conchae

- Inferior meatus is under the inferior conchae (lacrimal duct secretes into here)

- Olfactory epithelium are on the superior portion of the cavity

- Sinuses are small cavities w/n the bone; the 2 of them make up the paranasal membranes; they are lined with mucus

membranes & can secrete the mucus into the nasal cavity for extra protection; also make our skull lighter & helps with

speech production by resonating sounds (sinuses are blocked during a cold)

- Frontal sinus is within the frontal bone

- Sphenoidal sinus is within the sphenoid bone

- Back of the nasal cavity is characterized by the choana (choanae); have one for the left & right nasal cavity

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 18 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Functions of the Nasal Structures

- Olfactory epithelium for sense of smell found in roof of nasal cavity

- Vestibule has the stratified squamous cells

- Rest of the nasal cavity has pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells with goblet cells lines nasal cavity

- Warms air due to high vascularity

- Mucous moistens air & traps dust

- Cilia move mucus towards pharynx

- Paranasal sinuses open into nasal cavity

- Lighten skull & resonate speech

Pharynx

- Muscular tube (13 cm long)

- Skeletal muscle & mucous membrane

- Extends from Choanae to esophagus

- Functions

- Passageway for food & air

- Resonating chamber for speech production

- Tonsil (masses of lymphatic tissue) involved in immunological functions

3 Main Parts

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 18 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

1. Nasopharynx

○ Posterior to choanae/superior to soft palate (little bit of muscle & mucous membrane; continuation of the hard

palate; closes off the nasal cavity when swallowing)

○ Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar

○ Passage of air only

○ Opening of the auditory tube

○ Uvula works with the soft palate to close off the nasal passage

○ Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) is a mass of lymphatic tissues

2. Oropharynx

○ Soft palate to epiglottis (closes airway)

○ Lined with stratified squamous epithelial cells

○ Opening from the oral cavity into the oropharynx is called the fauces

○ Common passageway for air & food

○ Contains the palatine & lingual tonsils

3. Laryngopharynx

○ Epiglottis to esophagus

○ Lined with stratified squamous epithelial cells

○ Common passage for air & food

Larynx

Structure

- Goes from the pharynx to the level of the trachea

- Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage

- 3 unpairs, 6 in pairs

- Held together by ligaments & muscle; attach onto the hyoid bone

- Pairs of ligaments that are covered in mucous membranes & create folds; they are lined with stratified squamous

epithelium & are going to change in shape & open & close in order to create sounds waves

- Superior is the vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

- Inferior is the vocal folds (true vocal cords)

Cartilages of the Larynx

UNPAIRED (superiorl to inferior)

- Epiglottis is a leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 18 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

Respiratory system: ventilation: movement of air into & out of lungs (breathing, external respiration: gas exchange between air in lungs & blood; transport of o2 & co2 into the blood. Internal respiration: gas exchange b/n blood & tissue; taking gases & moving them into/ out of the tissues from the blood. Divided into 2 parts: upper respiratory system. Conducting zones vs respiratory zones: conducting zones: where we have movement of air but no gas exchange. Upper & lower resp structures: respiratory zones: where gas exchange is actually happening. There to make sure no particles make it into the respiratory system. Nose is made of cartilage & bone; cartilage helps to make the openings (external nares) Just inside the nares is the nasal vestibule; they are stratified squamous epithelial cell lined with hairs; enables us to trap large particles that are floating around in the air (1st line of defense)

Related Questions

QUESTION 1

Cellular respiration uses________to produce energy and releases ________as a waste product.

		O₂; CO₂
		CO₂; O₂
		ATP; G3P
		G3P; ATP

5 points

QUESTION 2

Select all of the following that compose the conducting pathways in the respiratory system.

		nasal cavity
		Pharynx
		Larynx
		Trachea
		Bronchi
		Alveoli

5 points

QUESTION 3

Match each structure with its' function.

- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Nasal Cavity
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Alveoli
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Larynx
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Trachea
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Bronchi
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Bronchioles
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Pharynx

A.	Throat
B.	Very small branches of bronchi within the lungs.
C.	Larger branching passages for air within the lungs.
D.	Location of gas exchange with the blood.
E.	Carries air from larynx and branches into bronchi.
F.	Location of the voice box, earliest location where only air passes.
G.	Carry air into the pharynx, earliest location of cleaning, warming, and humidifying the air.

8 points

QUESTION 4

Mammals are able to inhale because increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will decrease the pressure within the lungs. This is called_____

		pump-controlled breathing
		forced inflation breathing
		negative-pressure breathing
		stretch breathing

6 points

QUESTION 5

Indentify which muscles are primarily responsible for quiet (normal, relaxed) inspiration?

		diaphragm
		internal intercostals
		sclaenes
		abdominal muscles

coffeepig115

1. Which of the following are considered blood vessels within the cardiovascular system? (Select all that apply.)

Veins

Arteries \

Epithelial tissue

Capillaries

Epidermis

2. The middle muscle layer found in the walls of the heart is the __________.

Myocardium

Epicardium

Endocardium

Aorta

3. Blood is transported throughout the body via ___________.

Veins
Arteries

Capillaries

All of the above

4. The right atrium receives blood from all parts of the body except the ______________.

Abdominal cavity

Lungs

Dorsal cavity

Cranium

5. Blood carries which of the following?

Oxygen and cellular waste

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, and cellular waste

Nutrients, hormones, enzymes

Oxygen, nutrients, enzymes

6. Vocal chords are found in the ____________.

Bronchus

Trachea

Larynx and Pharynx

Nasal cavity

7. The trachea is mostly lined by ________________.

Alveoli

Ciliated

mucous membrane

Lung capillaries
Vocal chords

8. Excess CO2 from the body is __________________.

Stored in the pancreas

Digested by cells

Excreted by the respiration process

Used to make ATP

9. CO2 from the body is released into the lungs via _________________.

Ciliated mucous membrane

Alveolar air

Nasal cavity

Bronchial tree

10. The principal function(s) of gas exchange is ____________________.

To supply cells with oxygen

To remove CO2 from the body

Both A and B

Neither of the above

One of the most common chronic conditions affecting the respiratory system is asthma. Asthma is a condition characterized by inflammation of the airways. When an asthma attack is triggered, the airways become even more inflamed and can restrict breathing. Common symptoms during an asthma attacks include coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest and shortness of breath. Severe asthma attacks can be fatal. People with a family history of asthma are more likely to have the condition. While there is no cure for asthma, proper medical care and a management plan can help to maintain quality of life for people living with asthma. There are different types of asthma, each with their own triggers and management plans. Type Description Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB), or Exercise-induced Asthma (EIA) Some people only experience asthma symptoms during exercise. Exercise-induced asthma causes the narrowing of airways during exercise, which restricts the flow of air to and from the lungs. Cold, dry air tends to exacerbate symptoms, while warm, humid air may reduce symptoms. People with exercise-induced asthma should work with their doctor to create a management plan that still allows them to exercise while keeping their symptoms under control. Allergic Asthma Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma. It is triggered by inhaling allergen particulates, such as dust mites, pollen, pet dander, or mold. The bodyâs reaction to the allergens causes inflammation that results in coughing, wheezing, and other symptoms of asthma. Occupational Asthma Occupational asthma is caused by the frequent inhalation (breathing) of gases, fumes, dust, or other harmful substances in the workplace. Employees working in the chemical or petroleum industries are frequently exposed to chemicals such as Sulphur dioxide or hydrochloric acid, and may develop occupational asthma after prolonged exposure. Childhood Asthma Childhood asthma is usually developed before age 5. It is a condition that affects millions of children. It is vital that childhood asthma is properly controlled to prevent damage to the developing lungs Risk factors: â¢ Allergies â¢ Family history â¢ Frequent respiratory infections â¢ Low birth-weight â¢ Second-hand smoke â¢ Residing in a low-income, urban environment

Asthma symptoms that are triggered by exposure to pollen, pet dander, mold, or dust mites is indicative of which of the following types of asthma:

Occupational asthma

Childhood asthma

Allergic asthma

Exercise-induced asthma

aquamarinecaribou889

True of False: Freshwater environments have a higher concentration of oxygen than saltwater environments.

QUESTION 2 If the difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of the barrier to diffusion is 0, which of these events will occur?

The area for gas exchange will increase to accommodate this similarity.

The constant for diffusion will decrease.

The rate of diffusion will be 0.

The distance thickness of the barrier to diffusion will also be 0.

QUESTION 3 On the x-axis of the oxygenâhemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? (Hint: the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is figure 45.14 in your book on pg 913)

blood found in the left ventricle

blood found in the right atrium

blood found in the superior vena cava

blood found in the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4 Which of these is an example of pulmonary circulation?

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Blood is pumped from the aorta to the cardiac vein.

Blood is pumped from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

QUESTION 5 O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions?

an increase in the PO2 of the tissue

a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall

a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

QUESTION 6 Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?

a decrease in temperature

a decrease in carbon dioxide levels

a decrease in pH

a decrease in carbonic anhydrase

QUESTION 7 How does the medulla oblongata sense the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A. Carbonic anhydrase produced by cells performing cellular respiration is exported and travels though the blood, and binds to a receptor on the medullary respiratory center, which causes a signal amplification resulting in a change in gene expression which results in the production of proteins that will cause the diaphragm to contract

B. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which increases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

C. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which decreases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

D. A and B

E. A and C

QUESTION 8 Which of the following parts of the lung are considered "dead space"? A. The alveoli B. The trachea C. The bronchi D. B and C E. All of the above

QUESTION 9 Which of the following blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

QUESTION 10 How does the interstitial fluid return to the bloodstream?

A. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the osmotic pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the blood pressure driving fluid out of the blood

B. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the blood pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the osmotic pressure driving fluid out of the blood

C. Interstitial fluid leaves the tissue via lymphatic ducts and travels through the lymphatic system, which returns the fluid to the veins. D. A and C

E. B and C

QUESTION 11 True or False: When an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) shows a flat line (aka asystole), medical personnel will restart the heart using a defibrillator.

azureprairie-dog128

KINESIOL 1YY3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Arytenoid Cartilage, Nasal Vestibule

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

KINESIOL 1YY3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Nasal Cavity, Nasal Meatus, Soft Palate

KINESIOL 1YY3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 23: Respiratory Center, Motor Neuron, Conformational Change

KINESIOL 1YY3 Study Guide - Paranasal Sinuses, Hyaline Cartilage, Thyroid Cartilage

Related Questions