LECTURE 4 LIFESCI 3B03
Receptors
January 14, 20 2014
TwoWay Communication Between CNS Neurons
− Presynaptic Terminal– characterized by vesicles containing NT; releases NT onto
postsynaptic terminal
− Postsynaptic Terminal – has NT receptors (various types) to receive NT form
presynaptic terminal; signals back to presynaptic side by releasing neurotrophic factors
in an activity dependent fashion back to receptors on the presynaptic terminal
− Foot of the astrocyte – releases substances (like neurotrophic factors) into the cleft;
takes up excess neurotrophic factors, NTs, Ca++ etc in the cleft
o Do not want excess – can be toxic or leak out of synapse causing unwanted
effects; want molecules to be very localized to only give rise to wanted
effects
o Excess Ca++ can be toxic to neurons
− Always two way communication
Peptide Hormones and NT Use GProteinCoupled Receptors (GPCR)
− GPCR’s – transmembrane ahelices that are linked to 3 subunit Gproteins (a, b,
gamma)
− When NT binds to ahelical multimembrane spanning molecule, the molecule changes conformation and activates Gprotein, by allowing the a
subunit to separate from b and gamma subunit
− Gprotein coupled to inner leaflet of membrane
Growth Factor and Cytokine Receptors are Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTKs)
− RTK found on many cells of the body
− Intracellular domain has tyrosine residues that can be phosphorylated upon activation
− Growth factor or cytokine binds to receptors – monomeric in membrane; dimerize when bound to
signaling molecule
− Purpose of the ligand (growth factor or cytokine) – to dimerize molecule so that they can
phosphorylate each other
Classes of RTKs
− Uncontrolled signaling cause oncogenes – how they were discovered
− Trk receptor family – neurotrophic factors
o Particularly neurotrophins
− RET receptor family – neurotrophic factors
o GDNF family
− Cytokine receptor family – neurotrophic factors and cytokines
o Cytokines such as interleukins
− Eph receptor family – axon guidance
− EGF receptor family (erbb family) – epidermal growth factor; mitogen
o Mitogen – causes cell proliferation; opposite of a factor that causes differentiation (to differentiate, cell stops dividing; to proliferate cell
must dedifferentiate)
− FGF receptor family – fibroblast growth factor
1 LECTURE 4 LIFESCI 3B03
− VEGF receptor family – vascular endothelial growth factor
o Blood flow to cells; particularly in the brain
− PDGF receptor family – platelet0derived growth factor
− Insulin receptor family – insulinlike growth fators
− HGF receptor family
− AXL receptor family
− LTK receptor family
− TIE receptor family
− ROR receptor family
− DDR receptor family
− KLG receptor family
− RYK receptor family
− MuSK receptor family
Trk and p75 Receptors for Neurotrophin Ligands
− Figure 1
o Trk bind to neurotrophins (NGF, NT4, BDNF, NT3)
o Some cross reactivity; BDNF binds poorly to TrkC, but well to TrkB
Add high levels of neurotrophins, can get it to bind to a Trk receptor
o p75 – protein, molecular weight 75 kiloDalton
Does not have intracellular tyrosine domain ▯has death domain
(involved in cell death)
Binds all 4 neurotrophins equally
Figure 2
o Dimerizing receptors cause phosphorylation, leading to signaling pathways
o Cell with Only Trk receptor – that is the signaling you get
o Cell with only p75 – with neurotrophin binding, get many signals (one of which,
is cell death)
o Cell with Trk receptor and p75 – p75 has a high affinity for Trk; p75 and Trk form
a complex that can bind neurotrophin stronger than Trk alone ▯enhanced Trk
signal and ligand binding
NTR
P75 is a coreceptor
− Number of coreceptors in neurons
o Coreceptor – receptor that can bind in concert with a number of other receptors
o P75 is the coreceptor
o Trk, Sortilin, NogoR and LINGO1 are receptors
− P75 can bind to many receptors – signals differently, depending on receptor it is bound to; can modify signaling of receptors
o p75NTR = p75 neurotrophin receptor; referred to as p75
o p75NTR– bind neurotrophins by itself; it initiates a set of signaling pathway (cell death in some cells, myelination in others)
2 LECTURE 4 LIFESCI 3B03
NTR
o p75 /Trk – neurons form high affinity complex; binds neurotrophins; enhances Trk signaling (prosurvival signal)
o p75NT/sortilin – binds uncleaved/proneurotrophins causing cell death
Sortilin – intracellular sorting pathways; traffic proteins between different secretory or degradative pathways through the cell
− Survival or cell death, depending on ligand (neurotrophin or proneurotrophin) and depending on binding to Trk or Sortilin
NTR
− NogoR/p75 /LINGO1 – inhibition of neurite outgrowth
o Poor regeneration in the spinal cord – myelin associated proteins bind to complex, which prevent regeneration and growth of axon and
dendrites
NTR
ProNGF and NGF bind two types of receptor: TrkA and p75
− Nerve growth factor bound to TrkA and p75
o p75 on its own = apoptosis
o TrkA = combination of p75 or by itself; NGF dimerizes TrkA and get survival and neurite
outgrowth
− ProNGF (precursor to NGF) – binds more strongly to p75 than TrkA
o Cell that has only p75 – causes cell death
o Only little Trk – cause cell death
− NGF – binds more tightly to Trk – almost always survival and neurite outgrowth
Functions of GDNF (glial derived neurotropic factor)
− Supports survival and function of CNS dopaminergic neurons and spinal motor neurons
o CNS dopaminergic neurons – important for mood disorders or neurodegenerative disorders
− GDNF overexpression in muscle increase the number of motoraxons innervating neuromuscular junctions
− Hirschprung disease is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system due to failure in migration of neuralcrest derived GDNFresponsive
cells into the GI tract
o Enteric nervous system – in digestive system
o When cells migrate during development, they are GDNF responsive (GDNF tells them where to migrate)
o Mutation of GDNF – do not get innervation of gut = Hirschprung Disease; defects in brain
− Mouse knockout of GDNF lacks kidneys
o Knockout of GDNF – no kidneys; required for kidney
GDNF Promotes Motor NerveNeuromuscular Junction Innervation
− GDNF required for innervation
− Overexpress GDNF in muscle – leads to hyperinnervation
− Peripheral nerve injury; if a nerve that goes to skeletal muscle is cut, GDNF is required to regrow motor axon and reinnervate neuromuscular
junctions
GDNF Family Receptors
− 4 different coreceptors
o Bind 4 different ligands
o Do not signal by themselves
o Linked to the membrane by GPI anchor (short, lipid soluble tails that are
imbedded in the membrane and keep the coreceptors at the membrane surface)
o Are cleavable (when cleaved, coreceptor and ligand floating off leads to
certain consequences)
− Co receptors bound to their ligands can bind to RET (RTK) that has a kinase domain and
can get phosphorylated when dimerizes
o Unlike Trk, RET needs a coreceptor to dimerize with another RET
o Ligand binds to coreceptor to dimerize RET
− Figure 1
o Motor
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