LECTURE 11 PSYCH 3F03
Lecture 11 – Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
February 25, 2014
− Motor neuron disease
− Lou Gehrig's disease
o Age of 36, died 5 years later; American athlete
− No known cause or treatment; do not typically survive beyond 35 years; robs individual of ability to walk, talk and breathe
ALS – Clinical Features
− Progressive atrophy of the corticospinal tract (upper and lower motor neurons)
o Most common of Motor neuron diseases
Upper and lower neurons atrophy and die
Very rarely do both upper and lower neurons die in other diseases
− Fasciculation, spontaneous discharges
− Normal sensory nerve conduction
− Swelling of perikaryia and proximal axons
− Bunina bodies, axonal inclusions
o Bunina bodies – spherical in nature; found in axons and cytoplasm’s of affected
motor neurons; aggregate
− Variability
o Some patients die within couple of months of onset; some die within decades
o Heterogeneity may cause different subtypes – depending on upper or lower neuron
involvement
− Different motor cortex in brain that traverses down to brain stem and spinal cord; motor
neurons in ventral horn (closer to belly; vs. dorsal near back)
o Dorsal horn tends to be spared in ALS
− First order neurons in motor cortex traverses via many spinal tracts – tracts affected in ALS
o Bulbar portion found in lower parts of brainstem – innervate face muscles; speech
and swallowing
o Limbs – muscle wasting
− Upper motor neurons – damage and dying induces muscle rigidity, abnormal reflexes;
o Babinski reflex – pressure to foot, big toe goes upward and toes splay out ▯absence
of motor neurons causes adults to not show reflex; ALS patients show Babinski
reflex
− Lower motor neurons – weakness of muscle; muscle atrophy, muscle contractions; muscle
“dancing” beneath the skin due to spontaneous depolarization’s
− Swelling of cell body and immediate axons from neurons; phosphorylation of neurofilaments
− Epidemiology
o ~2 in 100,000/year
o Mean age of onset = 5560 years
o >60% die within 3 years of onset
o >90% of cases are sporadic
− Inherited forms – slightly younger age of development
− 510% familial; autosomal dominance
− 90% sporadic; no affected family members
− Most patients die within 35 years within first clinical presentation and signs – usually die by respiratory failure
− Rely solely on clinical features and progressive nature to diagnose ALS
− Classified by site onset – majority have limb onset, predominantly the upper limbs (muscle wasting, disproportionate loss of muscle, often due to
degeneration of cortical spinal tract)
− LimbOnset (65%) – spasticity; brisk tendon reflexes; fasciculation’s and weakness in limbs, usually affecting the arms first
− BulbarOnset (30%) – brisk gag and jaw jerk reflex; spastic dysarthria, dysphagia; tongue wasting, weakness and fasciculation’s, weak cough
o Bulbar symptoms – dysphasia (inability to swallow), spastic dysarthria (inarticulate speech, cannot vocalize or cough)
− RespiratoryOnset (5)% shortness of breath, weak cough, neck and shoulder girdle weakness
1 LECTURE 11 PSYCH 3F03
− Sphincter and eye functions are spared – may be polysynaptic in nature
o Monosynaptic failures – lead to limb wasting etc
− Eventually present respiratory onset – very poor prognosis
− Faster progression if bulbar or respiratory onset
− Overt frontotemporal dementia occurs in ~15% of ALS patients
Management
− Financial strain on healthcare and caregivers
− Causes stress due to perception of burden on families
− Eventually loses ability to walk, talk, eat, sleep and breathe without assistance – interventions are numerous and complicated
o Eg/ suction to remove saliva – need to be conscious of immune system
o Eg/ ventilators for breathing; do not know when they do not have enough oxygen – can cause anxiety and other symptoms
o Eg/ feeding tubes – completely reliant on caregivers for food and water delivery to the body
ALS Pathogenesis: Genetics
− Genetic architecture of ALS may be region specific
− De novo mutations if FUS and SOD1 in sporadic ALS
− fALS and sALS are similar clinically and pathogically
2 LECTURE 11 PSYCH 3F03
− Environmental factors not causative in their own right, but help trigger disease in vulnerable situations
− Largely focused on populations in European ancestry – shifting to other ethnicities recently
o Region specific
Eg/ hexanucleotide repeat expansion – heavily repeated in European population but not Japanese population
• Inverse is true in OPTN gene
De nova mutations may arise – no family history, but spontaneously arise ? Complicate heritability patterns
o Maybe all cases of ALS has genetic components
o Several patients have not presented a single mutation but several gene mutations
Pathogenic Expansions in C9ORF72 and Ribonucleopathy
− Hexanucleiotide (GGGGCC) repeat expansion in Chr 9 Open Reading Frame 72 (C9ORF2) account fo approximately 40% of familiarl ALS, 25% of
frontotemporal dementia and 7% of apparently sporadic ALD (in European populations)
o Hexanucleotide mutation is unusual – rarely more than 30x expansion; ALS associated with several hundreds to thousands of repeats
− The expansion is 50% penetrant by ~58 years of age and nearly 100% above the age of 80; more commonly associated with bulbar onset
− The expanded GGGGCC repeat is located in the noncoding region and may interfere with normal expression of uncharacterized C9ORF2 protein
− The GGGGCC sequence motif sequesters RNAbinding proteins
− Distinct from sporadic – more vulgar onset in heritable case
− Do not know normal function of C9ORF72 protein
− ALS vs. frontotemporal dementia from mutation
− RNA metabolism – transcription, translation, splicing etc
− Pathogenic expansion of ALS – may co
More
Less