PHILOS 1D03 Lecture 5: Philosophy and the Sciences-Feb. 2 Week 5

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chocolateyellowjacket590

30 Mar 2012

School

McMaster University

Department

Philosophy

Course

PHILOS 1D03

Professor

Dr.Michal Arciszewski

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Document Summary

Stage 1: forming generalisations: empirical foundation: Induction as a basis for good hypotheses empirical foundations: development of inductive science. Not a focus on deduction, testing or system building. Not guided by understanding of final causes and purposes: slow accumulation of facts and progressive development of scientific knowledge. Increase in knowledge through accumulation of facts/ data. Pyramid of judgements: from facts to generalisations. Ascend via method of exclusion falsification stage 3: from accidental correlations to essential laws. Galileo galilei: empirical foundations (very baconian) Abstracting away from actual enumeration to form model. Motion of pendulum is ideal motion plus additional causes (measurement error: idealised models reveal the true nature of world. Laws governing the world are simple and mathematical. Axiomatic foundations: a good hypothesis is a coherent model, it is logically and mathematically consistent, it is based on necessary truths. Johannes kepler: nest of regular solids (each sphere represents the orbital circumference of a planet)

Related Questions

2. Which of the following statements accurately describe the relationship between science and technology?

⬤ Technology and science are the same thing, and achieve the same goals.

⬤ The knowledge gained from science helps humans develop technology.

⬤ Improvements in technology can allow for better scientific observations.

⬤ Science and technology both use the scientific method answer questions.

⬤ Technology allows scientists to avoid using the scientific method.

mariabran12

Introduction. Telescope time is a valuablecommodity in astronomy, so astronomers plan their observationscarefully. One of the first steps is to choose what type ofobservation to make. Recall that three basic types of astronomicalobservation are imaging (taking a photograph of anobject), spectroscopy (spreading an object's light into aspectrum), and timing (measuring how an object's lightvaries with time).

Part A: Sort each of the astronomical questionsbelow into the appropriate bin based on the type of observation youwould need to perform to answer it.

Three Categories: Imagine, Spectroscopy andTiming

The Questions:

1. "What are the major surface features of Mars?"

2. "What is the temperature of Jupiter's atmosphere?"

3. "Does the star Mira vary in brightness?"

4. "How large is the Andromeda Galaxy?"

5. "What is the chemical composition of the Crab Nebula?"

6. "Is the X-ray emission fro the galactic center steady orchanging?"

7. "Is the star Vega moving toward us or away from us?"

8. "Are stars in the Orion Nebula surrounded by dusty disks ofgas?"

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Introduction: Different telescopes areoptimized for observing different wavelengths of light, so anotherconsideration in planning an observation is deciding what type oftelescope to use.

Part B: Each of the following statementsdescribes an astronomical measurement. Place each measurement intothe appropriate bin based on the type of telescope you would use tomake it.

Three Categories: Infrared Telescope, VisibleLight Telescope and X-Ray Telescope

The Statements:

1. Study a dense cloud of cold gas in space.

2. Measure the brightness of a star that is similar to ourSun.

3. Observe the hot (1-million K) gas in the Sun's corona.

4. Obtain a spectrum of sunlight reflected by Mars.

5. Determine the surface temperature of Venus.

6. Look for high-energy radiation from a supernova.

Thank you so much to whoever helps!

A uniform internal energy generation occurs in a plane wall with a thickness of and a constant thermal conductivity of . For these conditions, the temperature distribution has the form ? The surface at has a temperature and . The surface at is well insulated. For one-dimensional, steady-state conduction (a) calculate the volumetric energy generation rate. (b) determine the coefficients a, b, and c by applying boundary conditions to the prescribed temperature distribution.