LECTURE 3 PSYCH 2AP3
Neurodevelopmental Disorders – Autism Spectrum
January 29, 31, February 4, 7 2014
− “New” compared to ADHD – not described until mid 1940’s
− Self/Innerdirectedness
DSM5 Diagnostic Criteria
− Deficient social interaction, communication:
o Lack of reciprocal conversation
o Reduced sharing of interest, emotions, affect
o Failure to initiate or respond to social interactions
o Infants failure to cuddle
o Do not respond to other peoples bodies
o Kids don’t look at you
o A though others are not there or inanimate – no social relationships
o Trouble understanding other people; empathy
o Eg/ trouble with sarcasm – take literal meaning of words; cannot tell with tone
o Toddlers like to share with others – those with autism do not share
− Deficits in nonverbal communication
o Poorly integrated verbal nonverbal communication
i.e. tone of voice – can tell mood, sarcasm, genuine vs. fake
o Abnormal eye contact or body language
Do not use tone to convey emotional meaning
Do not use gaze
o Deficient use and understanding of gestures
o Lack of facial expression and nonverbal communication
− Deficits in developing, maintaining and sustaining relationships
o Difficulty adjusting behaviour to social context
o Difficulty sharing imaginative play, making friends
o Total absence of interests in peers
o Eg/ Children in a sandbox – child with autism pretends that others are not there
o Difficulty starting and maintaining conversations; troubles understanding mental states of others
− Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour
o Stereotyped, repetitive movements, speech, etc:
Lining up toys
Echolalia – repeating what others say;
• Ivan Lovas – dealing with patients intense autistic syndromes with limited language; trained patients to learn how to
use words, link phrases etc
o Girl with limited speech capacity; repetitive hand waving etc – trying to have her name objects; will show
common object and ask what it is; trainer “what is this?”; she replies “what is this”
Idiosyncratic phrases – make up words; particular phrases or words with meanings only apparent to them
o Insistence on sameness of routines or rituals
Cannot deviate from routine or else anxiety arises
o Fixated interests of unusual intensity or focus
Memorize statistics, dates, times etc
Enormous ability to store information – but more like a dictionary; no use of information – lack of wisdom
o Hypo, hyperreactivity to sensory input
Apparent indifference to pain, temperature (hyposensitive)
• Self injury is common; can be very extreme – eg/ bang head against the wall until fracture
• Found few ways to stop them from hurting themselves
• Electric shock was a way to cause them not to cause injury to themselves
Aversive responses to specific sounds, textures etc (hypersensitive)
1 LECTURE 3 PSYCH 2AP3
Excessive smelling, touching of objects
• Normal – looking and listening
• Autism – tactile; smelling touching ▯we consider “lesser senses”, we rely on these less
Fascination with lights, movement
• Especially repetitive movements
• Don’t like novelty
− Symptoms present in early developmental periods
o Before age of 6; generally show up before age of 3
− Symptoms cause “clinically significant impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning”
o Subjective clinical judgment
− Symptoms not better explained by intellectual disability, or global development delay
o 70% of autistic patients meet criteria for intellectual disability – highest level of comorbidity in the DSM
− Specifications
o With or without intellectual impairment
What used to be Asperger’s – no intellectual impairment; above average
o With or without language impairment
Was once a criteria for several categories of Autism
o Associated with medical, genetic, environmental condition
o Associated with another mental, behavioural disorder
o With catatonia
Involves psychomotor disturbances
Generally a disturbance in psychomotor – immobility; little movement
Catatonic Excitement – excessive hyperactivity
Associated Features – may not have these symptoms, but features that we associate with disorder
− Intellectual and/or language impairment
o Autism used to be a criteria – but now a substantial number of people with Autism Spectrum disorder do not have this
− Motor deficits
o Unusual gait
o Clumsiness
− Selfinjury
− Disruptive or challenging behaviours
o Tantrums, defiance
− Prone to anxiety, depression (adolescents or adults)
o Possible a reaction to symptomatology; may come with recognition of the fact that functioning is abnormal
Prevalence: Autism Spectrum Disorders
− YearginAllsopp et al (20035/10,000
− Autsim Society of Canada 50/10,000
− CDC (2007) 67/10,000*
− Austism Ontario 70/10,000
− CDC (2008) 113/10,000*
− NEDSAC (ON) (2012) 113/10,000
− Kim et al (2011) Korea 264/10,000
− DSM5 (2013) 100/10,000
− * = US 8 year olds
− Increasing trend – 10 years, 3x the estimate
− SE Ontario Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders
o Figure 9
2 LECTURE 3 PSYCH 2AP3
Every estimate increases by year
For 24 year olds; 107% increase (2.5x larger)
1014 year olds: 204% increase (3x)
o Figure 10
− Increased prevalence
o Between 19661993 5/10,000
o Between 19942004 13/10,000
o California, 198719270% increase
− Why the increase?
o Increased awareness of the disorder
o Earlier diagnosis – 1015 years ago, begin diagnosing around age 68+; now diagnosing around age 12+
o Changes in diagnostic practice
o Diagnostic substitution
Comorbid for autism and intellectual disability ▯labeled intellectual disability
• Issue – there are successful treatments for autism, not for intellectual disability
• Change dominant diagnosis to autism – people will see you differently, better treatments and services, covered by
insurance
o Environmental toxins
Neurodevelopmental disorder – whatever changes in the brain during development causes disorder; occurred around time of
birth ▯may be due to exposure to toxins; more toxins now than in the past
Epidemiology
− General
o 45 times as common in boys than girls
o Highest male/female ratio in normal range of cognitive function
Boys are found more at the high level functioning of autism spectrum
Girls are found more at the low level functioning; large diathesis, more problems
o Lowest male
− Comorbidity
o 70% of individuals with ASD comorbid for at least one other disorder; 40% with two or more
o Anxiety or phobic disorder – 42%
o ADHD – 42%
o Oppositional Defiant Disorder – 28%
Etiology
− Psychological Processes
o Large area of hypothesizing; most thought to be involved in autism
o General Intellect
70%+ have mental retardation
Language, abstract reasoning – problems in autism; some individuals in autism never develop language, or only develop
rudimentary language (small phrases, no full sentences, do not converse with others)
• Some have high levels of language
Visuospatial processing – good in autism; no problems with respect to literal objects
• Problems with abstract and verbal reasoning;
Attention to detail – good in autism
Rote memory – good in autism
o Savant Abilities – special islands of talents and abilities in a sea of deficits
Mathematics, esp. rapid calculation
Music
• Play a piece of music perfectly having heard it once
Calendar calculations
• Eg/ What day your birthday fell on 150 years ago
3 LECTURE 3 PSYCH 2AP3
1/2000 of intellectual disability have savant abilities
o Shows the potential capacity of the human mind
− Motor Developmental Problems
o 60% = dysdiadochokinesia
Rapid alternating movement; rapidly tapping heels, toes etc
o 33% = problems with gait or balance
o 15% = abnormal muscle tone
o 5% = abnormal reflexes
o 5% = abnormal motor coordination
Impaired finger, heel tapping
Slow or shuffling gait
Rigidity, tremors, in arms
o Gastrointestinal problems – difficulty eating certain foods, stomach upset etc
Gastrointestinal flora – studies show differences in ASD and nonspectrum people
• ASD – fewer flora or fewer species
− Theory of Mind – were proposed to explain all symptoms, most don’t but come close
o Deficit in understanding mental states (of others)
This information is typically gathered in social context, facial expression, body language, tone, speech; those with ASD have
difficulty understanding what others are thinking
States of knowledge or ignorance
• Eg/ 2 children; experimenter pulls out a box of smarties then sends one child out of the room; asks ASD child what
would happen if they brought the other child into the room, ASD child says “smarties”; experimenter removes smarties
and fills it with pencils; asks child what the other child would think in the box now, ASD child says “pencils”
Pretense, deception, lying
• Cannot translate individuals situation into a belief that the other individual is saying something that they do not truly
belief
Jokes, irony, sarcasm
• Jokes – funniness hinges on understanding contents of the mind of a character in the joke
o Crticisms of ToM in autism
Social impairment before precursors of ToM
ToM and communication emerge independently (30 mins)
ToM found in high functioning autism – higher level of functioning have a good understanding, to a better extent than this theory
would demand
ToM deficits in mental retardation – nonspecific; seen in mental retardation but not all cases of autism; how does it explain
communication?
− Faces and Emotion Perception
o Sort faces by physical features not emotions
Where ASD individuals scan on the face – different than those without ASD
Normal – eyes, mouth; center of face
ASD gaze pattern – ear lobes, nostrils, chin, hairline
Sort by facial expression – nonASD have no problem; ASD children sort of hair color, ear shape etc difficulty sorting by
emotion ▯difficulty detecting emotion that faces show
o ERP difference between familiar/unfamiliar objects, not faces (mother vs. stranger)
Brain activity; evoked response pattern (ERP)
Show typical pattern when shown picture of familiar person; do not show typical pattern when shown pictures of stranger
ASD – consistent ERP in both familiar and nonfamiliar (??? 40 mins)
o Different brain areas activated
Typical – activation in the amygdala (emotion processing); frontal lobes, lateral fusiform gyrus; fusiform face area
ASD – no activity in the amygdala; superior temporal gyrus (object processing)
o Why some autistic children in normal range?
Only automatic processing or emotion disabled?
4 LECTURE 3 PSYCH 2AP3
40 mins
− Extreme Male Brain Theory (BaronCohen, 2002)
o 2 kinds of brains, male and female
o Systematizers
Identifying, understanding rules that governs a system
o Empathizers
Recognizing and responding to the feelings of others
o Males are systematizers (weak on empathy)
o Females are empathizers (weak on systematizing)
o Autism = extreme male brain
Accounts for traits such as narrow focus, ability to learn
o Explains social disability in autism
Lack of empathetic understanding of others
o Explains islets of special ability:
Math, art, music all depend on systematizing
o Explains ritualistic interests
Predictable, systematic behaviour
o Assortive mating between systematizers
Parents of autistic children (POA) faster on embedded figures test than others
• Eg/ Where’s Waldo – small something is hidden in a large messy field; male brains are better at this
POA more likely to have systematizing fathers (eg/ engineers)
Male/female brain activity different when empathizing or systematizing: POA show male pattern
POA higher on selfreported autistic traits
Male systematizing marrying female systematizing ▯more likely that child will be systematizing
− Intense World Theory
o Strong response to sensory stimulation
May be the fundamental problem – hypersensitivity to stimulation, leading to hyperactivity in the brain
Compare: ADHD – extreme extroversion; low stimulation; activity to increase amount of stimulation
Autism – hyperintroversion; hyperaroused cortex; behaviour is to minimize stimulation
o Valproic acid (VPA) and autism
VPA (valproate) – mood stabilizer, anticonvulsant medication; sometimes given to pregnant women
Pregnant woman on VPA – increases likelihood that child will have autism
Pregnant rat given VPA – children will exhibit similar types of social withdrawal
VPA moms = 10% ASD children
In utero VPA (rats)
• Brainstem damage
• Social withdrawal
• Hyperreactivity t sensory stimuli
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