BIOC 1430 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Acetyl-Coa, Dicarboxylic Acid, Cytidine Triphosphate

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2 Apr 2016

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Metabolism is defined as all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions taking place in the body of a living organism. Metabolic reactions are of 2 types: catabolic reactions, anabolic reactions. Catabolic reactions: large molecules are broken down to produce smaller molecules; energy is produced. Anabolic reactions: cell uses energy to produce the molecules it needs for growth and repair. Anabolic and catabolic reactions are continuously occurring in the cells. Metabolic reaction are organized into sequences called metabolic pathways. They are a series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a strain material into an end product. Such pathways may be: linear, in which a series of reaction generates a final product, cyclic, where a series of reactions regenerates the first reactant (substrate) Atp and adp rediliy undergo hydrolysis reaction in which phosphate group (inorganic phosphate) are released. The phosphate phostphate bonds in atp and adp are very reactive bonds. They require less than normal energy to break.

Related Questions

Photosynthesis

Light Reactions:

Photosynthesis is the process of reducing/oxidizing (circle one) _____________________ to produce ___________________. This overall reduction-oxidation reaction requires _________________ to begin the flow of __________________. Photosynthetic ____________________ absorb light energy and are located in ___________________ found embedded within the membranes of __________________. The most prevalent one include the ___________________ which reflect ________________ light and absorb the other wavelengths of light. Accessory pigments include ___________________. When light energy is absorbed in photosynthesis, electrons of pigment molecules become _________________ and move into higher potential energy _______________. When the electrons return to their previous position, _____________ is passed to the ______________________ pigment molecule. Electrons within this pigment molecule move to a high potential energy state and are âgrabbedâ by _________________________ chains. Electrons from photosystem II are passed to ______________________. Electrons from photosystem I are passed to _________________. As electrons move in the electron transport chain associated with photosystem I/II (circle one), the energy released is used to power ___________ pumps and __________ is produced via a process known as ________________________. Photosystem I/II (circle one) electrons must be replaced to continue the reaction so ____________ is split for its electrons. The products _______________ & _______________ then proceed to the ______________________ cycle.

Calvin Cycle:

The Calvin Cycle can be broken into 3 main series of reactions. In the first group, known as the __________________ step, ______________________ combines with 3 molecules of ____________________ to form 6 molecules of _____________________. This reaction is catalyzed by ___________________. ________________ can act as a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme, shutting down this step in a process known as ______________________________. In the second series of reactions known as the __________________ steps, the molecules produced in the previous step get oxidized/reduced (circle one). The source of electrons is _________from the light reactions. This step is endergonic/exergonic (circle one) and thus requires _______ from the light reactions. Six molecules of _____________________ are produced, ______ (#) of which will continue in biosynthetic pathways to produce __________________. The remaining molecules will then enter the ______________________ steps which require _____________ from the light reaction. In this step, 3 molecules of _______________ are produced so that this cyclic reaction can continue.

The complete set of reactions carried out by an organism is called:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 2

The breakdown of starch is broken down to glucose is an example of:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 3

For the following statement, determine which description best describes the process: DNA is synthesized from free nucleotides.

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 4

Fill in the blank: Catabolic reactions result in the synthesis of molecules of .............via cellular respiration. This is then used to power anabolic reactions.

Value: 5

The energy in organic molecules is released in a series of steps because:

a. it is not possible to release it in a single step.

b. more total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step

c. less total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step.

d. more energy can be harvested for cellular use in multiple steps than from a single step.

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photosynthesis

1-The light reaction of photosynthesis does not include

a. chemiosmosis

b. oxygen liberation

c. glucose synthesis

d. electron transport

Value: 2

Photosynthesis takes place in the membranes of small sacs called

a. thylakoids

b. photosystems

c. stroma

d. photons

Value: 3

During what stage of photosynthesis is O2 produced?

a. the light-dependent reactions involving photosystems I and II

b. carbon fixation

c. the Krebs cycle

d. O2 is not produced during photosynthesis

Value: 4

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the

a. mitochondria

b. cytoplasm of the cell

c. stroma of the chloroplast

d. thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Value: 5

During what stage of photosynthesis are ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?

a. the light-dependent reactions

b. the light-independent reactions

c. both of the above

d. none of the above

Value: 6

What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?

a. ATP

b. NADPH

c. glucose

d. H2O

Value: 7

During photosynthesis, photons raise electrons to higher energy levels. These excited electrons belong to what compound?

a. water

b. ATP

c. chlorophyll

d. electron transport chain

Value: 8

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

a. photosynthesis occurs only in autotrophs; cellular respiration occurs only in heterotrophs

b. photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics; respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP

c. photosynthesis involves the oxidation of glucose; respiration involves the reduction of CO2

d. the primary function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to synthesize ATP; the primary function of cellular respiration is to break down ATP and release energy

1.NAD+ participates in reactions that produce
a.phosphorylation.
b. a CH2 group.
c. a C=O bond.
d. a C-C bond.
e. ADP from ATP.

2.The main compound used to release energy for metabolism is
a.NAD+.
b. sucrose.
c. ribonucleic acid.
d. glucose phosphate.
e. adenosine triphosphate.

3.Anabolic reactions are reactions that
a.use energy.
b. take place in the mitochondria.
c. use oxidation but not reduction.
d. give off energy.
e. break down large molecules into smaller ones.

4.The process by which complex molecules are broken down intosimpler ones for the body's use is called
a.glucogenesis.
b. catabolism.
c. metabolism.
d. anabolism.
e. gluconeogenesis.

5.In biochemical systems, the term reduction often refers to
a.a gain in oxygen.
b. an energy-releasing reaction.
c. a loss of hydrogen or electrons by a compound.
d. a loss of electrons.
e. a gain of hydrogen or electrons by a compound.

6.The codon is found on __________, and the anticodon is found on__________.
a.rRNA; tRNA
b. mRNA; rRNA
c. ribosomes; tRNA
d. mRNA; tRNA
e. tRNA; mRNA

7.When DNA duplicates itself, the correct placement of thenucleotides is accomplished by
a.base matching.
b. complementary base pairing.
c. polymerase.
d. enzyme matching.
e. transcription.
8.The base sequence of the strand of DNA complementary to thesegment
5'-T-G-G-C-A-A-C-3' is:

a.3'-U-C-C-G-T-T-G-5'
b. 3'-A-C-G-C-T-U-G-5'
c. 3'-A-C-C-G-T-T-G-5'
d. 3'-T-G-G-C-A-A-C-5'
e. 3'-A-C-C-G-U-U-G-5'
9.Which of the following will not be found in DNA?
a.ribose
b. adenine
c. thymine
d. guanine
e. cytosine
10.When a substance bonds to an enzyme for reaction, its place ofbinding is the
a.primary pocket.
b. allosteric site.
c. primary site.
d. end pocket.
e. active site.

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BIOC 1430 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Acetyl-Coa, Dicarboxylic Acid, Cytidine Triphosphate

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