BIOL 116 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Chloroplast, Red Onion, Viscosity

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20 Dec 2017

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For this week: complete your pre-lab assignment in class, complete your in class assignment and submit at the end of the lab. All atoms and molecules are in constant motion, a phenomenon we experience as heat. The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move. This constant motion keeps the molecules evenly distributed. By chance alone, the random motions will move molecules from an area of high concentration (of that molecule) to an area of low concentration. This process is known as diffusion and it occurs in gases, liquids and solids. The larger and heavier the molecule the more slowly it will diffuse. Living protoplasm is largely a watery mixture in which many materials are dissolved or suspended. This protoplasm is contained by a cell membrane, across which some materials can diffuse (to varying degrees) and some cannot. We refer to the membrane as being selectively permeable.

Related Questions

Cell Membranes Lab Report

Diffusion

Compare the following terms: solvent, solute, andsolution.

Go to Lab, Section I, Exercise 1 to explore the factorsinfluencing the rate of diffusion and complete the following:

Predict how molecular mass and temperature may affect theoutcome of this experiment.

Record the data from information in the Lab in the tablebelow.

Time (min)	Diameter (mm)
Time (min)	5Â°C MB	5Â°C PP	23Â°CMB	23Â°C PP
0
15
30
45

Construct a line graph of the data from the table above. Yourgraph should include labeled axes, units, and a legend indicatingwhich treatment is presented. Sign, date and prepare an image ofyour graph and include it with this lab report.

Osmosis

Go to Lab, Section II, Exercise 2 to view a demonstration ofosmosis and answer the following questions:

Describe the net movement of water in osmometer 1.

How is the movement of water molecules related to theconcentration gradient of the solution?

Go to Lab, Section II, Exercise 3 to observe the effect ofsolute concentration on the rate of osmosis. Answer the followingquestions:

Was the net movement of water in bags 1 to 4 into or out of thebags?

Explain the results from bags 4 and 5.

Selective Permeability of Membranes

Go to Lab, Section III, Exercise 4 to learn about theimportance of selectively permeable membranes, then complete thetable and answer the following questions:

	Contents of Beaker
	0 Min	30 Min
Starch
Chloride ion

Which substances diffused through the dialysis membrane?

How does dialysis tubing model the selective permeability of aplasma membrane?

Tonicity

Go to Lab, Section IV, Exercise 5 and 6 to observe plasmolysisin Elodea cells and tonicity in red blood cells. Summarizethe concept of tonicity using blood and Elodea cells asexamples. Your description should incorporate these terms: turgid,plasmolysis, hemolysis, and crenation.

Cells	Isotonic Solution	Hypertonic Solution	Hypotonic Solution
Elodea
RBC

Based on your previous work, reproduce the table below and drawan illustration of a single cell in each box. Include arrows toshow the direction of water flow relative to each cell and dots tosymbolize solutes. Sign, date and prepare an image of your drawingand include it with this lab report.

Cells	Isotonic Solution	Hypertonic Solution	Hypotonic Solution
Elodea
RBC

Summary Questions

Compare diffusion and osmosis. Give an example of each.

2. In which direction will osmosisoccur if a 15% sugar solution is separated from a 25% sugarsolution by a selectively permeable membrane?

3. Why did osmosis, but not diffusionof sucrose molecules, occur across the dialysis membrane containing20% sucrose solution?

4. You are having a party and thecelery is limp. What might you do to make the celery crisp (turgid)again? What will occur in the cells?

5. A small amount of fertilizer(mineral salts) will stimulate plant growth, but over fertilizationcan kill plants? Why?

6. Michael adds sugar to his coffee.Explain what in this drink is the solvent, solute, and solution.

7. You add a cube of sugar to yourdrink. How could you speed up the diffusion of sugar moleculeswithout stirring?

8. How is dynamic equilibriumestablished within a solution?

amberdeer449

1) Which of the following is a component of a vertebrate kidney? (Select all correct choices.)

		glomerulus
		Bowman's capsule
		renal tubules
		collecting ducts
		Malphigian tubules

In organisms, the ability to control osmosis depends on the properties of the plasma membranes of individual cells. Based on their ability to permit the free movement of water and some solutes, these membranes are best described as: (select all correct choices)

		impermeable.
		permeable.
		semipermeable.
		diffusible.
		impervious.

3)I selected cortex; inner medulla, it was wrong.

The loops of Henle create a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop, with the concentration highest in the ____________ and lowest in the ____________ of the kidney.

		inner medulla; cortex
		outer medulla; inner medulla
		outer medulla; cortex
		cortex; inner medulla
		cortex; outer medulla

The main solutes in the filtrate as it enters the distal convoluted tubule are: (select all correct choices)

		urea.
		electrolytes.
		other wastes.
		amino acids.
		nucleotides.

5) Ensure all correct choices are selected, for this question I only selected osmosis and it was wrong,

Water moves by: (select all correct choices)

		random molecular motion.
		active transport.
		passive transport.
		osmosis.
		facilitated diffusion

Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction: (select all correct choices)

	requires less investment in attracting mates.
	allows much more rapid population growth.
	is rarely found as the sole mechanism of reproduction.
	results in the production of genetically identical cells or individuals.
	involves meiosis and fertilization as core processes.

A key difference between hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems of males and females is that:

	LH and FSH are released only in females.
	LH and FSH are released only in males.
	LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males.
	LH is released in males and FSH is released in females.
	LH is released continuously in males and FSH is released cyclically in females.

True or false: In response to LH and FSH, ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.

	true
	false

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, if the oocyte is not fertilized, a number of events occur which are listed below. Select the answer that places the events in the correct chronological order.

Events:
1. the lining of the uterus is shed
2. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
3. follicle cells are converted to the corpus luteum
4. the corpus luteum degenerates
5. estrogen and progesterone levels fall

	3, 2, 4, 5, 1
	1, 2, 3, 4, 5
	2, 4, 3, 1, 5
	4, 3, 2, 1, 5
	5, 2, 3, 4, 1

10)

If an antibody is missing its Fc fragment, what would happen if this antibody encounters its target antigen in the bloodstream? Select all correct choices.

	The antibody would be able to bind the antigen at a specific epitope.
	The antibody would be able to bind the antigen, but not at an epitope site.
	The antibody would not be able to bind to the antigen.
	The antibody would be able to activate components of the complement system.
	The antibody would not be able to activate components of the complement system.

11)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individualâs immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.

	Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
	Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
	Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
	Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

12)

Which of the following statements is true regarding T cell receptors? Select all correct choices.

	They recognize antigen-MHC complexes.
	They contain variable and constant regions.
	They are composed of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains.
	They are formed by the rearrangement of V, J, C, and D gene segments.
	They can be found in the bloodstream independent of T cells.

sapphireworm318

Complete Question Text:

1. A patient comes to a doctor complaining of muscle cramping.As part of her examination, the doctor notes that the patient has aslow pulse. Additionally, in the past year the patient has brokenher hand and her arm in seemingly minor falls. What variable do youpredict the patient is having trouble regulating?

Fat
K+
ATP
Ca2+

2. Allen's rule is a biological rule that states that the limbsof warm blooded animals that live in colder climates are differentthan the limbs of the same species of animals in warmer climates.In what way do you expect them to be different and why?

Shorter because a low surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat
Longer because a high surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat. ????
Longer because a low surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat
Shorter because a high surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat.

3. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme. It is made in an inactive form,pepsinogen, which is activated by the acidity of the stomach toself-cleave (cut itself) into a formed called the cleaved molecule.This cleaved molecule is active pepsin, which goes on to cleavemore pepsinogen molecules, leading to a cascade of rapid pepsinactivation (and many more active pepsin molecules). This pathway isan example of:

a feedforward regulationâ¨
a positive feedback loopâ¨
a negative feedback loopâ¨
conditioning

4. The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintainedaround 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop anychange in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffersystem, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at whichgas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation ratechanges the concentration of CO2 in the blood, which alters the pHof the blood. In this case, the muscles that control theventilation rate are acting as the:

homeostatic challenge
sensor
effector
integrator

5. The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintainedaround 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop anychange in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffersystem, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at whichgas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation ratechanges the concentration of CO2 in the blood, which alters the pHof the blood. In this case, pH 7.4 is the:

homeostatic challenge
sensor
effector
set point

6. What is the equivalent of the mammalian mouth and nose in therespiratory system of insects?

alveoli
spiracles
tracheoles
epithelial tissue

7. For cells to maintain an appropriate solute concentration,_____ will occur; for cells to maintain an appropriate waterconcentration, _____ will occur.

diffusion, osmosis
osmosis, diffusion
diffusion, facilitated diffusion
diffusion, active transport

8. A marine fish with a cold body temperature that matches itscold surroundings is an example of

negative feedbackâ¨
regulating
conforming
homeostasis

9 Fiddler crabs are small crabs that inhabit intertidal areas.When the tide comes in, the salinity rises to 35ppt and when thetide leaves, the salinity falls to 5ppt. Fiddler crabs can maintaintheir internal salinity at 32ppt when the external environmentranges from 20-40ppt, but cannot regulate at levels higher or lowerthan this. The range of 20-40ppt is the ____________________ forthese animals.

zone of conforming
zone of stability
osmoregulator conforming capacity
positive feedback effector range

10. Imagine you are entering a darkened cavern. You are excited,but also a little nervous. Your heart rate quickens, your bloodpressure rises slightly, and your digestive system activitydecreases as blood is diverted to your musclesâall changes thatprepare you should you need to move rapidly. This type of change isan example of:

positive feedback control
negative feedback control
a failure of homeostasis
feedforward regulation

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BIOL 116 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Chloroplast, Red Onion, Viscosity

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