BIOL 341 Lecture Notes - Non-Mevalonate Pathway, Isoflavones, Juglone

• School: Queen's University
• Department: Biology
• Course: BIOL 341
• Professor: Kenton Ko

Document Summary

Species&specific& &different&species&make&different&classes/categories&of&secondary& metabolites&: no&direct&function&in&growth&and&development, once&though&to&be&waste&products&of&metabolic&pathways, of&interest&to&humans&for:, medicinal&drugs, poisons, flavors, industrial&materials, of&importance&to&plants&for, herbivore,&microbial&defense, attractants:&pollinators,&seedhdispersing&animals, planthplant&competition, planthmicrobe&symbioses, agriculture:&often&bred&out&which&results&in&better&tasting&food&but&weakened&defenses, three&major&groups&of&2ndary&metabolites:&nitrogenhcontaining&secondary&products,& phenolic&&compounds&and&terpenes& Terpenes*in*defense:*(majority,*secondary*metabolite)*: can&be&considered&primary&rather&than&secondary&metabolites, gibberellins&(hromones)=&diterpenes, brassinosteroids&(hormones)=&triterpenes, abscisic&acid&(hormone)&=&sesquiterpene, sterols&(cell&membranes&components)=&triterpenes, carotenoids&(accessory&pigments&for&pss&&&protection)=&tetraterpenes, note:&terpenes&are&synthesized&from&acetyl5coa&or&its&glycolytic&intermediates&, chrysanthemums:&monoterpene&esters&(pyrethoids), natural&insecticide, commercial:&low&persistence&in&environment,&~0&toxicity&to&mammals, conifers&(pine,&fir):&monoterpenes&in&resin& ducts& &in&the&resin&coming&from&the&ducts&are: essential&oils& monoterpenes&that&are&both&sticky&and&difficult& for&the&insect&to&penetrate/&they&are, mixture&of&volatile& impalatable&!wounding&response&in&conifers&& mono/sesquiterpenes, characteristic&odor& Considered: essential&oils&are&often&found&in&glandular&& insecticidal& hairs&that&project&outward&from&the&& compounds,& deterrent&for&insects& but&pleasant&for&us&& epidermis&and&serve& to&advertise&the& &herbivore&deterrent&: bitterness&in&citrus, eg:&azadirachtin& ( neem &tree&africa,&asia):&deters&at&50ppb;&commercialized, phytoecdysones, common&fern, steroids&resembling&insect&molting&hormone, insecticide,&nematodes, ingestion&by&insects&disrupts&molting&and&development&which&often&kills&them, eg&foxglove, vertebrate&herbiovores, medicinal:&slows&heartbeat&(treats&diseases), ex//&digoxin& &deadly&toxin, cardenolides, saponins, steroid&and&triterpene&glycosides&, vertebrate&herbivores, soaphlike:&may&interfere&with&sterol&uptake&or&disrupt&cell&membranes* Drawing&carbon&from& primary&carbon& metabolism&and&sending& it&through&ring& compounds&to&create&the& large&ring&compounds& called&polyphenolics& & feeding&deterrents&(antih herbivores)&& Phenolics*in*growth*and*development: most&abundant&organic&substance&in&plants&after&cellulose, role&as&a&primary&metabolites, found&in&cell&walls&of&various&cell&types&that&make&up&supporting&and&conducting& tissue&(eg&yxlem), likely&key&in&colonization&of&land&by&plants, role&as&a&secondary&metabolite&(ie&protective&functions), herbivore&deterrent:& Isoflavones:: mostly&in&legumes, rotenone:&insecticide,&pesticide&(rat&poison),&fish&posion, isoflavonois&in&clover:&antihestrogen&effects&(sheep&infertility), phytoalexins&(discussed&later), soybean&produces&compounds&of&this&class&to&be&recognized&by&the&rhizobium&, signalling&compound& &not&needed&by&plants&, allelopathy& &black&walnut&kills&things&around&it, furanocoumarins, eg&celery,&parsnip,&parsley, not&toxic&until&uv&light&activated;&can&then&cause&dna&damage, celery:&induced&by&stress,&diseaseh&can&cause&skin&rashes& Light&sensitive&rash& &herbivore&creates&a&shaded&nest&so&it&can&feed&on&the&plant& tissue,&ingest&the&compound&but&isn"t&sensitive&to&it&because&it&isn"t&exposed&to&light&: allelopathy:&a&property&of&some&phenolics, release&of&plant&substances&into&the&environement&that&have&(generally)&harmful& effects&on&neighboring&plants, prevents&growth&of&(therefore&competition&with)&nearby&plants, agriculture:&reductions&in&crop&yield&by&weeds/crop&resiudes;&engineering&of& crops&that&are&allelopathic&to&weeds, tannins, eg:&black&walnuth&juglone, from& tanning :&tannins&bind&collagen&in&animal&hide=&increased&resistance&to& heat,&water,&microbes, feeding&repellent:&(eg&mammals:&cattle,&deer,&ape)& Tannins: effective&feeding&deterrent&because&they&nonhspecifically&bind&digestive&proteins&and& inhibit&digestion& &digesting&=&inhibited&you"re&unlikely&to&go&back&and&feed&on&that&same& plant&, when&the&fruits&are&ripe&the&tannin&levels&go&down, high&levels&of&proline&in&the&saliva&gobble&up&the&tannins& &allows&for&digestion&without& harm&, found&in&~20%&of&plant&species, once&though&to&be&n&waste,&n&storage&or&growth&regulators, most&likely&herbivore&defense&(esp. &mammals), domesticated&animalsh&no&selected&for&alkaloid&avoidance=many&deaths&(e. g. &lupines,& larkspur,&groundsel), many&grasses:&alkaloidhproducing&endogenous&fungal&symbionts&(endophytes)&e. g. & pasture&grasses&(tall&fescue), growth&and&defense&advantages&for&plant, breeding&efforts&to&preserve&defense&against&insects&but&not&livestock, humans:&toxic&at&high&levels,&sometimes&useful&at&lower&levels, different&modes&of&function, interfere&with&components&of&the&nervous&system, affect&membrane&transport, affect&protein&synthesis&ect. , morphine&can&not&be&biosynthesized& &has&to&be&derived&from&opium&&