GEOL 106 Lecture Notes - Seismogram, Seismometer, Epicenter

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skyimpala44

23 Nov 2011

School

Queen's University

Department

Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering

Course

GEOL 106

Professor

Prof.

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Document Summary

To locate the quake focus: need a minimum of 3 seismometer stations. Where do earthquakes occur: at what depth, less than 700 km, 90% are less than 100 km deep, note: radius of earth is 6370 km. How do we estimate energy released from a quake: 1. Measure the intensity: based on observed damage (eg. the mercalli scale, subjective, varies with distance from epicenter, a quantitative measure of energy released, 2. Determined from the maximum s-wave amplitude on a seismogram (corrected for distance) The lines on a skwigale is an open ended scale. we don"t know how high it could go: the largest earthquakes ever recorder are 9 on the richter scale. Quakes <2. 5 magnitude are not felt by humans. Each magnitude integer step corresponds to approx. a 30-fold difference in energy release. What do the richter numbers mean in terms of actual energy released: how would you figure that out, compare to known explosions (eg nuclear blasts)

Related Questions

Grade 9 Science – Lab Safety & Equipment Woksheet

Part A: Highlight ‘T’ for TRUE OR ‘F’ for FALSE for each of the following questions. (K - 35)

1. T F Broken glassware should be swept up immediately and placed in the garbage bin.
2. T F Eyeglasses or contact lenses are an acceptable substitute for googles during an experiment.
3. T F If you arrive at class to find a spilled liquid on your desk, you should assume it is water and wipe
it up with paper towels.
4. T F Students with long hair must tie it back when using Bunsen burners.
5. T F If you take too much of the chemicals needed for an experiment, put it back into the container you
got it from.
6. T F Class B fires are those related to electrical equipment.
7. T F Discard all solid waste by rinsing it down the sink.
8. T F You may consume food and drinks during a lab, as long as it is kept at a safe distance from
chemicals.
9. T F If asked to detect the odour of a chemical in the lab, the student should inhale a deep breath of the
chemical.
10. T F If your clothing were to catch on fire, your first step should be to STOP, DROP and ROLL.
11. T F When using a fire extinguisher, aim at the top of the fire. The chemical in the extinguisher will
fall and put out the flames.
12. T F When heating chemicals in a test tube, heat from the bottom up, aiming the test tube at the
ceiling, and keep the test tube still.
13. T F It is ok to take off my safety goggles if it’s just for a second while I write something down.
14. T F If any chemical makes contact with your eye, wash it immediately at the eyewash station for
fifteen minutes. If you should spill chemicals on your skin, place the affected area under water
immediately.
15. T F Always read through each activity before you begin.
16. T F If you are unsure about any part of the procedure for an experiment, you should figure it out
yourself. Asking the teacher for clarification will result in a lower mark due to lack of preparation.
17. T F It is acceptable to sit during very long experiments.
18. T F It is ok if I don’t know where the lab safety equipment is since I can just ask someone later.
19. T F Be sure to tell your teacher about any accident, broken equipment, or injury that occurs during
class; no matter how minor.
20. T F When working with chemicals, keep pens and pencils away from your mouth.
21. T F In warmer months, it is acceptable to wear sandals during an experiment.
22. T F Determine whether your equipment is cool enough to disassemble by placing the back of your
hand near it.
23. T F Loose-fitting, long-sleeved shirts should be worn during experiments to protect your arms from
burns and chemical splashes.
24. T F If you must retrieve materials during a lab, it is acceptable to leave your Bunsen burner unattended
as long as it is set to a yellow flame.
25. T F To avoid an injury when heating materials, always place a stopper or tight-fitting lid on the
container being heated.
26. T F If a student uses the last of the chemicals in an experiment, it is their responsibility to go into the
storeroom to retrieve an additional quantity of that chemical.
27. T F Always leave your work area clean and dry before leaving the lab and make sure equipment and
glassware is returned clean to its proper place.
28. T F Horseplay is O.K. during a lab as long as no one is getting hurt.
29. T F It is never advisable to place a thermometer in an open flame.
30. T F To cool hot glassware, run cold water over it.
31. T F Class A fires can be extinguished with water.
32. T F Class D fires must be extinguished with water.
33. T F Keep equipment away from the edge of the lab bench.
34. T F If your eye itches while you are working with chemicals, you should rub it with your hands.
35. T F WHMIS stands for warning hazardous materials information symbols.

jhonny

*Please refer to the attached file.

You are writing a rough draft for the essay part 1,

This writing practice will focus on

Steps *1 and *2 below:

___________________

FIVE STEPS OF WRITING~*1- Prewrite*2-Draft 3- Revise 4- Edit/Proofread 5- Publish

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY

– explains, points out

Used in articles, essays, exam questions

- Used to report on research

- Used to share information, give directions

REVIEW:

Elements of Expository Essay:

Thesis

–

Thesis Statement states topic, introduces supporting points

Structure

–

- Organization - often by Cause/Effect, Problem/Solution, Compare/Contrast

- Supporting paragraphs (at least one per supporting point)

- Use of formatting, graphics, and multi-media where appropriate

- Conclusion - relates to thesis and pulls supporting points together

Style

–

- Formal tone - complete sentences; conventional construction and language

- Active voice

Assignment:

Complete the first

two

steps in writing an Expository Essay.

You can use the sample writing prompt on Page 3 or choose a topic based on stories/articles of

your choosing. Page 3 also gives a sample thesis and outline based on the writing prompt. If

writing on your own topic and texts, choose three texts from different genres – e.g., short story,

science fiction, poetry, memoir, informational text, etc.

Step 1)

Prewrite

– Write your thesis statement.

– Determine the structure and organization (e.g., compare/contrast).

– Make an Outline (should include the thesis statement plus a list of

supporting points and a conclusion).

Step 2)

Draft

– Follow your Outline.

– Consider the audience's knowledge of and experience with the topic.

– Give concrete examples (each supporting point should be at least one

paragraph).

– Relate each point back to the thesis statement.

– Draw a conclusion that relates to the thesis statement and ties the

supporting points together.

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY - SAMPLE THESIS AND OUTLINE

WRITING PROMPT

Compare/contrast the authors' treatments of the theme of

taking

responsibility

in three different genres of text:

Short Story

–"Through the Tunnel,"

Science

Fiction

– "A Sound of Thunder," and

Informational Text

– "Quit blaming; take responsibility."

Thesis

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual genres,

each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible and

irresponsible behavior and drawing the conclusion of the benefits of taking responsibility.

Supporting paragraphs

– with formatting (subtitles):

1. Short Story

– Lessing ("Through the Tunnel") contrasts Jerry's irresponsible/ responsible

behavior and draws conclusion responsibility is best – Jerry feels better about himself.

- Irresponsible: Jerry tries to get attention, be accepted by other boys; wants to swim

through tunnel before ready (examples from story)

- Responsible: Jerry stops trying to please other boys; adopts his quest; trains and works

to be prepared (examples from story)

- Lessing draws unstated conclusion of benefits of taking responsibility

(contrasts Jerry's feelings before and after quest)

2. Science Fiction

– Bradbury ("A Sound of Thunder") contrasts Time Safari Inc.'s/ Eckels'

responsible/irresponsible behavior and graphically illustrates the devastating results of

irresponsibility.

- Irresponsible: Eckels' uncaring, irresponsible attitude (examples in story)

- Responsible: Time Safari's careful planning and preparation for the hunt

(examples

from story)

- Bradbury ends story showing dramatic impact of being irresponsible, implying the

benefits of responsibility

3. Informational Text

–

Gitomer ("Quit blaming; take responsibility") compares salespeople

with politicians in their tendency to avoid taking responsibility and contrasts that attitude with

suggestions on taking responsibility to achieve success.

- Irresponsible: Salespeople and politicians blame others for their failures

(specific examples from article)

- Responsible: Suggestions on how they can take responsibility by

studying failures and

making them successes (examples in article)

- Gitomer concludes that salespeople (and politicians) can achieve results

they seek by

overcoming obstacles and taking responsibility

Conclusion

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual

genres, each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible

and irresponsible behavior, concluding that taking responsibility brings the best r

This writing practice will focus on

Steps *1 and *2 below:

___________________

FIVE STEPS OF WRITING ~* 1-Prewrite* 2- Draft 3- Revise\ 4- Edit/Proofread 5- Publish

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY

– explains, points out

Used in articles, essays, exam questions

- Used to report on research

- Used to share information, give directions

REVIEW:

Elements of Expository Essay:

Thesis

–

Thesis Statement states topic, introduces supporting points

Structure

–

- Organization - often by Cause/Effect, Problem/Solution, Compare/Contrast

- Supporting paragraphs (at least one per supporting point)

- Use of formatting, graphics, and multi-media where appropriate

- Conclusion - relates to thesis and pulls supporting points together

Style

–

- Formal tone - complete sentences; conventional construction and language

- Active voice

Assignment:

Complete the first

two

steps in writing an Expository Essay.

You can use the sample writing prompt on Page 3 or choose a topic based on stories/articles of

your choosing. Page 3 also gives a sample thesis and outline based on the writing prompt. If

writing on your own topic and texts, choose three texts from different genres – e.g., short story,

science fiction, poetry, memoir, informational text, etc.

Step 1)

Prewrite

– Write your thesis statement.

– Determine the structure and organization (e.g., compare/contrast).

– Make an Outline (should include the thesis statement plus a list of

supporting points and a conclusion).

Step 2)

Draft

– Follow your Outline.

– Consider the audience's knowledge of and experience with the topic.

– Give concrete examples (each supporting point should be at least one

paragraph).

– Relate each point back to the thesis statement.

– Draw a conclusion that relates to the thesis statement and ties the

supporting points together.

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY - SAMPLE THESIS AND OUTLINE

WRITING PROMPT

Compare/contrast the authors' treatments of the theme of

taking

responsibility

in three different genres of text:

Short Story

–"Through the Tunnel,"

Science

Fiction

– "A Sound of Thunder," and

Informational Text

– "Quit blaming; take responsibility."

Thesis

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual genres,

each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible and

irresponsible behavior and drawing the conclusion of the benefits of taking responsibility.

Supporting paragraphs

– with formatting (subtitles):

1. Short Story

– Lessing ("Through the Tunnel") contrasts Jerry's irresponsible/ responsible

behavior and draws conclusion responsibility is best – Jerry feels better about himself.

- Irresponsible: Jerry tries to get attention, be accepted by other boys; wants to swim

through tunnel before ready (examples from story)

- Responsible: Jerry stops trying to please other boys; adopts his quest; trains and works

to be prepared (examples from story)

- Lessing draws unstated conclusion of benefits of taking responsibility

(contrasts Jerry's feelings before and after quest)

2. Science Fiction

– Bradbury ("A Sound of Thunder") contrasts Time Safari Inc.'s/ Eckels'

responsible/irresponsible behavior and graphically illustrates the devastating results of

irresponsibility.

- Irresponsible: Eckels' uncaring, irresponsible attitude (examples in story)

- Responsible: Time Safari's careful planning and preparation for the hunt

(examples

from story)

- Bradbury ends story showing dramatic impact of being irresponsible, implying the

benefits of responsibility

3. Informational Text

–

Gitomer ("Quit blaming; take responsibility") compares salespeople

with politicians in their tendency to avoid taking responsibility and contrasts that attitude with

suggestions on taking responsibility to achieve success.

- Irresponsible: Salespeople and politicians blame others for their failures

(specific examples from article)

- Responsible: Suggestions on how they can take responsibility by

studying failures and

making them successes (examples in article)

- Gitomer concludes that salespeople (and politicians) can achieve results

they seek by

overcoming obstacles and taking responsibility

Conclusion

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual

genres, each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible

and irresponsible behavior, concluding that taking responsibility brings the best r

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GEOL 106 Lecture Notes - Seismogram, Seismometer, Epicenter

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