HLTH 323 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Feedback, Infection, Human Pathogen

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emeraldwalrus65

12 Nov 2016

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Disease is an important concept in epidemiology because much of the field deals with the distribution, etiology, prevention and control of communicable and non communicable diseases. Communicable disease follow a well organized chain of infection, while non communicable diseases are not infectious. Though diseases remain an important focus area in epidemiology, the field has expanded to encompass all types of health related issues: the chain of infection is commonly used to explain disease states. The ecological model is a relatively simple paradigm for explaining disease causation in terms of host, agent and environmental factors. According to this model, disease occurs when these three factors are not in balance. Health is usually conceived as a state of well being and positive functioning and not just the absence of disease. Ecological model: the health field concept incorporates environment, lifestyle, human biology and health care organization into accounting for general health.

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Answer questions 5-10 by choosing an infectious disease that you are interested in and in 1-2 sentences each, briefly describe that disease with regard to the six steps in the chain of infection.

5) What is the infectious agent, what type of microorganism is it, and what disease(s) does it cause.

What is the reservoir of the infectious agent?

What is the most common portal of exit of the infectious agent?

What is the mode of transmission of the infectious agent?

What is the most common portal of entry of the infectious agent?

10) What is considered a susceptible host for the infectious agent?

crimsonclam91

30. Microbe-Human Interactions.

a. Define pathogen, disease, normal flora. Under what conditions might a normal flora organism cause disease.

b. What parts of the body should stay absolutely sterile under normal circumstances.

c. How are Kochâs postulates used.

d. Define communicable, non-communicable, acute, chronic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic,

symptomatic, asymptomatic, and subclinical.

e. For a disease to be spread, there must be a reservoir, mode of transmission, and portal of entry.

f. For humans, what is the most significant reservoir.

g. Define : direct contact, droplet transmission, indirect contact, vehicle transmission, arthropod vectors

h. For a microorganism to cause disease, it typically must attach to host tissue, overcome the host defense, and cause tissue damage.What structures are used for attachment.What are some ways in which microorganisms overcome the host immune system.What distinguishes exotoxins from endotoxin.

31. Immune Defenses.

a. What are the major elements of the first, second, and third lines of defense.

b. What are the steps of phagocytosis and inflammation? What are the 3 complement pathways?

c. Which lines of defense are considered specific? Which are considered non-specific?

d. There are two major types of specific immunity, humoral and cell-mediated.

e. Humoral immunity involves B cells and antibodies. What are the major classes and activities of antibodies.

f. Cell mediated immunity involves T cells. What are 2 major types of T cells? What are their activities.

32. Staphylococcus aureus.

a. Gram positive cocci in grape-like clusters.

b. Skin infections (scalded skin syndrome, impetigo) (many other types of infection are also possible).

33. Streptococcus pyogenes.

a. Gram positive cocci in chains.

a. Strep throat, skin/wound infections (impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis âflesh eating diseaseâ), scarlet fever (other types of infection are also possible)

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HLTH 323 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Feedback, Infection, Human Pathogen

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