PSYC 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Reinforcement, Operant Conditioning
4 Jun 2018
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PSYC 100 – Lecture 14
Learning II
Operant Conditioning: Learning through Consequences
• Processes of operant conditioning
o Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is influenced
by consequences
o Reinforcement and Punishment
▪ Reinforcement: a process in which an event or reward that follows a
response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again
▪ Punishment: a process that decreases the future probability of a
response
o Positive and negative reinforcement & punishment
▪ Positive reinforcement: the strengthening of behavior after
potential reinforcers such as praise, money, or nourishment follow
that behavior
▪ Negative reinforcement: the strengthening of a behavior because it
removes or diminishes a stimulus
• Avoidance learning: a specific type of negative reinforcement
that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur
• Escape learning: occurs if a response removes a stimulus that
is already present
▪ Positive punishment: a process in which a behavior decreases in
frequency because it was followed by a particular, usually
unpleasant, stimulus
▪ Negative punishment: occurs when a behavior decreases because it
removes or diminishes a particular stimulus
o Primary and secondary reinforcers
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PSYC 100 Full Course Notes
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