October 2, 12
PSYCH – Week 4 Online Readings
Week 4: The Nature and Causes of Psychological Disorders (Part 1)
Focus Question: What does it mean to have a mental disorder?
Clinically significant
Symptoms are considered clinically significant if a clinician judges them to be
sufficiently significant, marked, or substantial in intensity or duration that the patient
would benefit from professional treatment.
If an individual has symptoms that cause them severe distress and/or impairs their ability
to function in their daily life they may have to look to see if there is a mental problem. An
individual cannot receive a diagnosis of a mental disorder if the sole cause of the
distress/impairment is external to them (ie: environment, etc)
Another important factor is whether they are doing things voluntarily. People with mental
disorders do not choose to behave as they do.
Most mental disorders have a genetic basis but our environment, in utero and while
growing up, can significantly affect whether, to what degree, and how this genetic
disposition is manifested.
So these are the basic criteria for a mental disorder:
Threeprong test
According to the DSMIVTR, a patient's symptoms only qualify as a mental disorder if
they:
• Cause a clinically significant impairment in an individual’s ability to function.
• Are NOT a predictable reaction to an external event.
• Are NOT the result of an individual’s voluntary choice
Mind, Brain, and Environment
The brain changes in important ways when it interacts with the environment. Even the
expression of genes can change in response to trauma and stress. Neither biological
makeup or the environmental circumstances are solely responsible for the development
of a disorder (ie: stress disorder).
Organizing Mental Disorders
The DSMIVTR
Outlines the various mental disorders recognized in North America and the
specific criteria required for each disorder’s diagnosis.
Accurate classification leads to better treatment and more fruitful research.
It is a volume that is ever changing; for example it once listed homosexuality as a
rd th
disorder, but the 3 volume removed it and the 5 volume is coming out soon. October 2, 12
Gender Differences and Mental Disorders
Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression
Men are more likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorders,
intermittent explosive disorder, and substanceuse disorders.
The objectivity of the DSM prevents gender bias.
According to the DSMIVTR, mental disorders are evaluated by whether the symptoms
or actions:
• Cause a clinically significant impairment in an individual’s ability to function.
• Are NOT a predictable reaction to an external event.
• Are NOT the result of an individual’s voluntary choice
Panic Disorders
Agoraphobia is when people experience intense anxiety about being in situations where
they might not be able to escape if they need to or they might not be able to get help if
they experience an attack. They often avoid situations in which panic attacks are likely.
Individuals who suffer from severe agoraphobia may be unable to leave their homes
without experiencing severe distress.
Most people with panic disorder score high on a personality trait called ‘anxiety
sensitivity’. This is the tendency to be hypersensitive to physiological change
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