Consumerism and Consumption 20140225
Outline:
Preamble: posttraditional society
Introduction: has everything turned into shopping?
Critical Theory: what happens to culture?
Consumption and Consumerism: triumph of consumer culture
Insatiable Consumerism: can we ever be satisfied?
Conclusions
PostTraditional Society
Over the next few weeks:
Consumption and Consumerism
Networks and Screens
Science and Nature
Risk and Expertise
Territories and Mobilities Key dimensions of contemporary society at the present time
Key issues for contemporary social theory
they are what is going on now in the world
Has Everything Turned Into Shopping?
Under Capitalism, for Marx, sensory life and desire are extravagantly inflated, in which
pleasure depends upon the continual accumulation of more and more things…
Consumption today is perversely selfconstituting and selfreferential
After TV, shopping is the most popular ‘leisure pursuit’ across the world
More people define their lives in terms of what they acquire and own
The ‘freedom to consume’ has become central to how we ‘consume freedom’
Is this freedom? Are we satisfied? Do we feel more secure? Are we in control?
things in their own right : selfconsituting ( transformation of the self)
we don’t shop for basic necessities people take time out of the day to shop, it becomes a lifestyle
people define themselves by what they have and not by who they are
people judge on the basis of what people have and who that makes them on the scale of hierarchy
freedom to consume becomes a freedom able to consume health care and education – what kind of
freedom is that ?
are we satisfied ?
Part One: Critical Theory
What is Critical Theory?
the strand of theory is critical of the social dominant order, sees ways out of the dominant ways of thinking
The Frankfurt School – leading German neoMarxist intellectuals – reforming Marxism by incorporating
sociology, economics, politics and psychoanalysis to understand modernity
tries to understand what this does to people – psychologically
Contexts:
Totalitarianism and bureaucracy
What has happened to the promises of enlightenment reason?
Why no class consciousness and class revolution? tries to understand society as a totality
they see instead that everyone is controlled by beauracracy or fascisim
how did we move from freedom to no freedom at all
Explorations of the ‘dark side’ of modernity:
How enlightenment ‘reason’ became ‘pathological’, denying freedom
How ‘instrumental reason’ dominates nature
Advanced capitalism and consumer society are ‘totally administered’
Society increasing has control over the personal domain
Contemporary society is ‘onedimensional’
science in the enlightenment should lead to reason but seems to lead to dominantion ( warfare)
reason becomes pathological not enlightening
we use resources for ourselves , greed rather than what it is supposed to be used for
extract things from nature to use as a force of dominantion
PICTURE ON SLIDES: why is mankind following one person if there was a period of enlightenment? popular culture , movies, music – start to control the world, it dulls the senses and it prevents people to get
consciousness of where they are because they are focused on the popular culture
Theodore Adorno on Popular Culture
The ‘culture industry’ as an insidious form of totalitarianism (‘commercial brainwashing’)
Culture Industry = endless massproduced copies of the same thing
The differences between the content of films, songs, radio, arsuperficial as they all become
commodities
Cultural products are standardized: this encourages conformity and we lack
the ability to seriously engage with culture
Mass production of culture = pseudoindividuality and conformist behaviour
Consumer culture = a culture of amusement, a distraction from suffering and resistance
Commodity Culture is formulaic
The Culture Industry is an agency of antienlightenment … Culture is turned into standardized form that pushes a specific view onto the viewers
pick a star, watch it , become washed over you
told what to buy, who to be
everything is the same – standardized versions of the exact of the same thing ( ex. All music sounds the
same)
produces conformity because we all follow the same rules, someone does anything different and they are
seen as the other ( an outsider)
people all look the same because they are told this is what to look like, constrained to look the same
this idea of conformity makes it so people cannot get out of it because they can not see that they are
stuck in it
PICTURE ON SLIDE:
a bunch of houses that look exactly the same , picture of cubicals that look all the same
forms of life are standardized and constrained
we become a puppet in a process created outside of society
we all tend to want to look the same
levels of conformity are exactly the same throughout the years
Monopoly Capitalism: industrycultureconsumer
Mass cultural products ‘all mass culture is identical’
Cultural products don’t have to pretend to be art any more They are defined as ‘business’ which in turn justifies the poor quality of their
offerings in terms of market needs and economies of scale
**POWERPOINTS SLIDES
the products we buy are not that greatly made
“ homogenous cultural product” – the plot , characters, actors : they are all generally the same
“consumer needs” – screen endings to see what people will like
economics and false consumer needs is what produces movies and products
Art is important because it shocks you and makes you think about something differently
movies and media is not a thinking process, it encourages us to sit and watch
art on the otherhand challenges the mind and makes us think outside the consumerist form
\Art tends to express loss, with desire itself shown to be a mirage
What’s wrong with amusement ?
Amusement ‘defends society’ – ‘To be pleased means to say Yes to the social order’ Amusement requires not seeing the ‘big picture’ (‘insulation from the totality of the social process’)
Amusement means not thinking deeply about anything, especially about forms of suffering (which
might make the audience say ‘no’)
‘…it is flight; not… from a wretched reality, but from the last remaining
thought of resistance’
people think they are enjoying themselves when he thinks they are not
people are put into a gloss in the sense when they are involved in the consumer state because they are
not critically thinking
Fake Individuality
When we make distinctions between cultural products (e.g. Rhianna vs. Perry) these produce a pseudo
individuality
The culture industry encourages ‘connoisseurs of small differences’ – cars, gadgets, films, music – to
perpetuate the illusion of competition
But, as soon as the film begins, we know how it will end…basic plot, characters, sequences, order is
interchangeable
Are our desires and dating practices shaped by the ‘romantic scripts’ that circulate in the culture industry? we think of ourselves as individuals but instead we are not , the media creates this sense of individuality
but instead it is fake
there is a formulated culture that we all buy into
Walter Benjamin on Art
The mass production of art results in the loss of ‘aura’ (1936):
An analysis of art in the age of mechanical reproduction must do justice to
these relationships, for they lead us to an allimportant insight: for the first
time in world history, mechanical reproduction emancipates the work of art
from its parasitical dependence on ritual. To an ever greater degree the
work of art reproduced becomes the work of art designed for reproducibility
For Benjamin, the reproduction of cultural objects through mass media is
potentially liberating rather than nullifying
The collective and simultaneous viewing of art or film may actually
encourage reflection and critique rather than eliminate it Mass production = potential democratization of art
But…advertising eventually subsumes the potential of photographic images
ways in which capitalism is reproducing itself
people are distracted by this and we feed into the idea of consumerism – placed into a “fake world”
same things are happening in art there are endless copies of everything
walter thinks the idea of art is a good idea because the people who go to galleries get to embody the idea
of art and they get to perform this ritual of art
when it gets reproduced , it helps more people see art and they can be enlightened by it
mechanical reproduction – it can create more amounts of ritualized ways of looking at art
potential domcratization of art: he sees photographs have been taken over by advertising
having photographs in your house , is not the same as going to a gallery and seeing it live
photos have become mass produced art, it is become something to buy even if they are not good
paintings are used to advertise things ex. Mona lisa used in lego commerical
Herbert Marcuse on Domination
‘Technological rationality’ increases in modernity: integration of people into capitalist consumer thought
necessary for smooth functioning of ‘onedimensional society’ = conformity
Capitalist Consumer Culture creates ‘false needs’ ‘Most of the prevailing needs to relax, to have fun, to behave and consume in
accordance with the advertisements, to love and hate what others love and hate, belong
to this category of false needs. Such needs have a societal content and function which
are determined by external powers over which the individual has no control…’ (1964: 391)
Social reality forces people tdiscipline their basic impulses (libido) ansublimate the impulses into
acceptable activities (work, recreation, etc.)
Capitalist culture allowpartial desublimation – expression of our basic desires through consumption
of cultural products – promoting conventional behaviour that offers a partial and restrictive understanding of
human sexuality (using ‘sex’ to sell cars; desire becomes sold as exploitative pornography, etc.)
increasing control of people over things
there are ideas of false needs in which people believe they need these things but these needs have come
from elsewhere
the need we feel to relax, or engage in recreation – false need, there is no need to do these things
manufacturing false kinds of needs
repressed of certain kinds of desires – freud
repressed desires are used to create a product – he believes this is standardized and its not you getting
anywhere, its you getting someone elses view
created by a system of you wanting to purchase these things
packaged vacation – the need to lie on the beach , packaged for you by people
produces “ happiness consciousness” : the fake belief that you are happy , and that you are genuinely
happy but this is brought on by consumerism
Work + Television = Stupefact
More
Less