ACC 406 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Contribution Margin, Operating Leverage, Earnings Before Interest And Taxes

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23 Nov 2016

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Cost-volume-profit (cvp) analysis estimates how changes in costs (both variable and fixed), sales volume and price affect a company"s profit. Variable costs are all costs that increase as more units are sold. Break-even point (brp): is the point where total revenue equals total cost. The contribution margin income statement is the income format that is based on the separation of costs into fixed and variable components. Contribution margin: is defined as the excess of sales over variable costs: Refers to the amount left after the variable costs are covered to contribute toward satisfying the fixed costs. Once the fixed costs are paid, any additional contribution margin increases income from operations. The more contribution margin that can be generated, the more easily fixed costs can be covered. Contribution margin ratio: indicates the percentage of each sales dollar available to cover fixed costs and to provide income from operations. Contribution margin ratio = contribution margin / sales.

Related Questions

The information below representsthe beginning and ending inventory amounts along with theproduction and sales for the month in umbrella units

Beginning Inventory: 0 Umbrellas

Production: 80,000 Umbrellas

Sales: 60,000 Umbrellas

Ending Inventory: 20,000 Umbrellas

The Hampshire Company manufactures umbrellas that sell for$12.50 each. In 2014, the company made and sold 60,000 umbrellas.The company had fixed manufacturing costs of $216,000. It also hadfixed costs for administration of $79,525. The per-unit costs ofeach umbrella are as follows:

Using the information

Prepare a variable costing income statement.

Prepare an absorption costing income statement.

Direct Materials: $3.00

Direct Labor: $1.50

Variable Manufacturing Overhead:$0.40

Variable Selling Expenses: $1.10

Requirement 1
Hampshire Company
Variable Costing IncomeStatement

	Units	$

Sales	X	$		$
Variable Cost of Goods Sold:
Beginning Inventory			$
Direct Materials	X	$	$
Direct Labor	X	$	$
Manufacturing Overhead	X	$	$
Total Variable Costs			$

Cost of Good Available for Sale			$
Deduct Ending Inventory	X	$	$
Variable Costs of GoodsSold				$
Variable Selling Costs	X	$	$	$
Contribution Margin				$
Fixed Costs:
Fixed Manufacturing Costs				$
Fixed Administrative Costs				$
Operating Income				$


Requirement 2
Hampshire Company
Absorption Costing IncomeStatement

	Units	$
Sales	X	$		$
Variable Cost of Goods Sold:
Beginning Inventory			$
Direct Materials	X	$	$
Direct Labor	X	$	$
Manufacturing Overhead	X	$	$
Total Variable Costs			$
Allocated Fixed Manufacturing Costs	X	$	$
Cost of Good Available for Sale			$
Deduct Ending Inventory	X	$	$
Costs of GoodsSold				$

Gross Margin				$
Fixed Costs:
Variable Selling Costs	X	$		$
Fixed Administrative Costs				$
Operating Income				$

chocolatetiger709

Direct Materials: $3.00

Direct Labor: $1.50

Variable Manufacturing Overhead: $0.40

Variable Selling Expenses: $1.10

Using the information above, perform a cost-volume-profit (CVP)analysis by completing the steps below.

1. Compute net income before tax.

2. Compute the unit contribution margin in dollars and thecontribution margin ratio for one umbrella.

3. Calculate the break-even point in units and dollars ofrevenue.

4. Calculate the margin of safety:

In units

In sales dollars

As a percentage

5. Calculate the degree of operating leverage.

6. Assume that sales will increase by 20% in 2015. Calculate thepercentage of before-tax income for this increase. Providecalculations to prove that your percentage increase is correctbased on the operating leverage calculated in step 5.

7. Compute the number of umbrellas that Hampshire is required tosell if it plans to earn $150,000 in income before taxes by usingthe target income formula. Proof your calculation.

8. A company that specializes in tours in England has offered topurchase 5,000 umbrellas at $11 each from Hampshire. The variableselling costs of these additional units will be $1.30 as opposed to$1.10 per unit. Also, this production activity will incur another$15,000 of fixed administrative costs. Should Hampshire agree tosell these additional 5,000 umbrellas to the touring business?Provide calculations to support your decision.

Requirement 1
	Units	Price	Totals
Sales	X	$	$
Variable Costs	X	$	$
Fixed Costs			$
Net Income			$

Requirement 2

Contribution Margin per Unitin Dollars = Selling Price â Variable Costs

Selling Price		Variable Costs	Contribution Margin per Unit



Contribution Margin Ratio =Contribution Margin/Selling Price

Contribution Margin		Selling Price	Contribution Margin Ratio


Requirement 3

Break-Even Point = Fixed Costs/ Contribution Margin

Fixed Costs		Contribution Margin	Break-Even Point in Units (Rounded)


Break-Even Point in Units XSelling Price per Unit = Break-Even Point Sales

Break-Even Point in Units		Selling Price per Unit	Break-Even Point in Sales (Rounded)


Requirement 4A

Margin of Safety in Units =Current Unit Sales â Break-Even Point in Unit Sales

Current Unit Sales		Break-Even Point in Sales	Margin of Safety in Units


Requirement 4B

Margin of Safety in Dollars =Current Sales in Dollars â Break-Even Point Sales in Dollars

Current Sales in Dollars		Break-Even Point in Dollars	Margin of Safety in Dollars


Requirement 4C

Margin of Safety as aPercentage = Margin of Sales in Units / Current Unit Sales

Margin of Safety in Units		Current Unit Sales	Margin of Safety Percentage



Requirement 5

Degree of Operating Leverage =Contribution Margin / Operating Income

Contribution Margin		Operating Income	Operating Leverage



Requirement 6
	Units	$ Per Unit	Totals
Sales	X	$	$
Variable Costs	X	$	$
Fixed Costs			$
Net Income			$

Operating Leverage		Times % Increase	Increase would be XX%


Prior Income	$	From Part 1
Increase	$	Prior Income X XX% Above
Total	$


Requirement 7

Targeted Income = (Fixed Costs+ Target Income) / Contribution Margin

Fixed Costs + Target Income		Divided by Contribution Margin	# of Units (Rounded)
Fixed Costs	$
Target Income	$
Total	$	$	X

		# of Units Above X $ Per Unit
Proof	Revenue	XX,XXX X $XX.XX	$
	Variable Costs	XX,XXX X $X.XX	$
	Contribution Margin		$
	Fixed Costs		$
	Net Income		$


Requirement 8

Sales Mix
	Current	Specialty	Total
Expected Sales Units	X	X
Revenue = Sales X Price	$	$	$
Variable Costs X Units	$	$	$
Contribution Margin	$	$	$
Fixed Costs	$	$	$
Operating Income			$

Prior Net Income FromRequirement 1			$

Additional Operating Income	(Operating Income Above Less Prior Income)		$

Decision With Explanation

redant669

Schwiesow Corporation has provided the following information:

	Cost per Unit		Cost per Period
Direct materials	$	7.05
Direct labor	$	3.50
Variable manufacturing overhead	$	1.65
Fixed manufacturing overhead			$	11,000
Sales commissions	$	1.00
Variable administrative expense	$	0.40
Fixed selling and administrative expense			$	5,500

For financial reporting purposes, the total amount of period costs incurred to sell 5,000 units is closest to:

$5,500

$8,300

$12,500

$7,000

Kesterson Corporation has provided the following information:

	Cost per Unit		Cost per Period
Direct materials	$	6.20
Direct labor	$	3.10
Variable manufacturing overhead	$	1.35
Fixed manufacturing overhead			$	14,000
Sales commissions	$	1.50
Variable administrative expense	$	0.40
Fixed selling and administrative expense			$	4,500

If the selling price is $21.90 per unit, the contribution margin per unit sold is closest to:

$12.60

$9.35

$8.45

$5.65

At a volume of 5,000 units, Pwerson Company incurred $32,000 in factory overhead costs, including $14,000 in fixed costs. If volume increases to 6,000 units and both 5,000 units and 6,000 units are within the relevant range, then the company would expect to incur total factory overhead costs of: (Round intermediate calculations to 2 decimal places.)

Garrison 16e Rechecks 2017-06-28

$21,600

$35,600

$32,000

$18,000

ACC 406 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Contribution Margin, Operating Leverage, Earnings Before Interest And Taxes

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