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BLG 311 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Cell Wall, Coordination Complex, Carboxylic Acid

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School
Ryerson University
Department
Biology
Course
BLG 311
Professor
Costin Antonescu

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Document Summary

Matter is made of combinations of elements: substances such as hydrogen or carbon that cannot be broken down or converted into other substances by chemical means. Smallest particle of an element is atom. Cells are made from a few types of atoms. Avogadro"s number: 6 x1023 is key in describing the relationship between everyday quantities and quantities measures in terms of individual atoms/ molecules. Living organisms are made of only a small selection of these elements: carbon, Hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen make up 96. 5% of an organism"s weight. Electrons are in continuous motion around the nucleus. Ionic bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons: often unequally with a partial transfer between two atoms that attract electrons differently- one more electronegative than the other. Covalent bonds form by the sharing of electrons. Molecules is a cluster of atoms held together by covalent bonds: electrons are shared between atoms to complete the outer shells.

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Related Questions

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True
False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

ionic
kinetic
covalent
hydrogen

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

neutrons
protons
electrons
electron shells

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

oil
heat
enzymes
blood

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus
hydrogen

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

polypeptides
amino acids
nucleotides
monosaccharides

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport
cell fate
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids
transmembrane channel proteins
cell surface proteins
carbohydrate chains

Flag this Question

Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

prokaryotic
animal cells
eukaryotic
cells of fungi

Flag this Question

Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus
organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells
mitochondria
chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

vacuoles
ribosomes
golgi complex
nucleus

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes
golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)
nucleus
mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.
A water molecule is removed from the molecules.
A water molecule is added to the molecules
Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

monomers
monosaccharides
polymers
amino acids

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2
R Group or functional group
COOH
H

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

Tertiary
Quaternary
Secondary
Primary

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.
They have different sugars.
Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate
a nitrogen containing base
All are components of a nucleotide.
5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins
carbohydrate chains
phospholipids
cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria
golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes and nucleolus
peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
nucleolus
mitochondria

Life Chemistry LabReport

  1. Elements of Living Organisms
  2. Name the five most abundant elements found in the humanbody.
  1. Cells organize into tissues which work together to form
  1. What is the difference between an atom and an element?
  1. Molecules
  1. Is glucose an atom or molecule? What are the atoms inglucose?

  1. How many bonds can oxygen form?

  1. Is C6H12O6 a molecular orstructural formula? What is the name of this molecule?
  1. Based on lab, Section II, draw and label a ball and stickrepresentation of a carbon dioxide, water and ethyl alcoholmolecule. Use circles to designate atoms and lines for bonds, thenindicate the chemical symbol for each atom. Sign, date and preparean image of your drawing and include it with this lab report.
  1. Molecular Make Up of Living Organisms
  1. Name the four groups of organic molecules.
  1. _______ are the most abundant organic molecules in livingorganisms.
  1. Name a polysaccharide, monosaccharide, protein and alipid.
  1. Go to the lab, Section 3, Exercises 2, 3, 4 and 5 to completethe following table:

Type of Organic Molecule

Reagent

Sample Tested

Positive Color

Negative Color

Carbohydrate (starch)

Iodine

Sugar

Benedict’s solution

Lipid (fat)

Sudan IV

Protein

Biuret

  1. Go to the lab, Section 3, Exercise 6 to locate starch in potatocells. Describe the microscopic appearance of starch in terms ofcolor and location within the cells.

  1. Measurement of pH
  1. What substance has an equal number of hydrogen ions(H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)?

  1. What is the pH of the above substance?

  1. How does the addition of hydroxide ions (OH-) affectthe pH of your stomach?

  1. Go to lab, Section 4, Exercise 7 to test the pH of commonsolutions. Which solution tested had a pH closest to neutral? Whichsolution was most acidic?

Summary Questions

  1. What is the smallest subunit of carbohydrates?

  1. Which reagent could be used to test for diabetes?

  1. A member of your family has a high blood cholesterol count. Yousee “fat free” crackers in the grocery store and decide to test theproduct for the presence of lipids. How would this testproceed?

  1. A family member has been cautioned about eating foods high insugar. Explain how a test could be run for the presence ofsugar.

  1. Explain how to test for the presence of protein in milk.

  1. A friend complains of stomach acidity. Which substance testedmight safely help relieve your friend’s symptoms?

  1. Explain how solutions are classified as acids or bases. Then,give an example of a weak acid.

Flag this Question

Question 211 pts

Blood cells placed in pure water will burst because there is a net movement of water out of the cell.

True
False

Flag this Question

Question 221 pts

Photosynthesis takes place in tiny organelles within the cell known as mitochondria.

True
False

Flag this Question

Question 231 pts

The balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration is

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 or 38 ATP

True
False

Flag this Question

Question 241 pts

A catalyst is anything that speeds up a chemical reaction.

True
False

Flag this Question

Question 251 pts

Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion.

True
False

Flag this Question

Question 261 pts

Changes in temperature and pH may speed up or slow down the activity of an enzyme.

True
False

Flag this Question

Question 271 pts

There are 20 different amino acids.

True
False

Flag this Question

Question 281 pts

The products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.

True
False

Flag this Question

Question 291 pts

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Cell Theory?

Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
Cells are the smallest units of structure and function
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells can vary their shape and size to suit the environment for survival.

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Question 301 pts

What is the name of the two subatomic particles that can be found in the nucleus of an atom?

neutrons and electrons
protons and neutrons
protons and electrons
protons and morons

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Question 311 pts

Atoms that have either a positive or negative charge are known as:

ions
magnetic
lacking nuclei
electrically neutral

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Question 321 pts

An atom with an unfilled outer energy level (electron shell) is likely to be:

inert
unable to form bonds with other atoms
reactive
extremely stable

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Question 331 pts

All living things are able to maintain stable internal conditions. This is known as

metabolism
homeostasis
heredity
cellular organization

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Question 341 pts

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the five basic properties shared among living organisms?

made of one or more cells
grow and reproduce
posses DNA
need oxygen to survive

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Question 351 pts

CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) in the stratosphere cause:

global warming due to increased CO2
increase ozone levels by converting O2 to O3 and decreasing UV passage to Earth.
act as a catalyst to destroy ozone increasing UV passage to Earth.
increased ice crystal formation that cools the earth.

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Question 361 pts

The process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring is known as:

heredity
homeostasis
complexity
movement

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Question 371 pts

Alcoholic fermentation occurs in muscle cells of the human body.

True
False

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Question 381 pts

If carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, how many electrons must it have to be electrically neutral?

3
36
6
12

Flag this Question

Question 391 pts

The loss of an electron is known as _______; the gain of an electron is known as ________.

reduction; oxidation
transduction; adduction
oxidation; reduction
removal; addition

Flag this Question

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True