ECN 204 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Monetary Policy, Output Gap, Procyclical And Countercyclical

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16 Jul 2018

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When inflation is too high (above the target range), the bank will try to cause an increase in interest rates, which will decrease. This is known as contractionary monetary policy since rgdp contracts. When inflation is too low (below the target range), the bank will try to cause a decrease in interest rates, which will increase ad, putting upward pressure on prices. This is known as expansionary monetary policy since rgdp expands. When inflation is above the bank of canada"s target range, the. Bank of canada will try to cause a(n): (a) increase in taxes. (b) decrease in interest rates. (c) decrease in. Consider the monetary policy response to high inflation: If the problem is demand-pull inflation, which is associated with an expansionary gap, then contractionary monetary policy will help to close the expansionary gap. If the problem is cost-push inflation, which is associated with a recessionary gap, then contractionary monetary policy will make the recessionary gap larger.

Related Questions

1. A restrictive monetary policy by the Fed should lead to:

A. A decrease in investment and an increase in aggregate demand.

B. Leave investment unchanged but decrease aggregate demand.

C. An increase in investment and an increase in aggregate demand.

D. A decrease in investment and a decrease in aggregate demand.

2. When the Federal Reserve uses open market operations (OMO) in an expansionary monetary policy:

A. The Fed will purchase stocks from banks, increasing the monetary base.

B. The Fed will buy bonds from banks, increasing bank reserves and increasing the monetary base.

C.The Fed will lower taxes and increase government spending.

D. The Fed will decrease the discount rate, decreasing the monetary base.

3. A primary goal of monetary policy is to:

A. Eliminate trade barriers from other nations.

B. Maintain high interest rates.

C. Reduce the size of the banking sector.

D. Prevent high rates of inflation.

4. The major tools of monetary policy available to the Federal Reserve System involve:

A. Reserve requirements and tax policy.

B. Reserve requirements and open-market operations.

C. The discount rate and exchange rates.

D. Open-market operations and changing government spending,

coppertoad679

5. Fiscal policy is enacted through changes in

A. interest rates and the price level.

B. the supply of money and foreign exchange.

C. unemployment and inflation

D. taxation and government spending.

6. In an economy, the government wants to decrease aggregate demand by $48 billion at each price level to decrease real GDP and control demand-pull inflation. If the MPS is 0.25, then it could

A. increase taxes by $16 billion.

B. increase taxes by $24 billion.

C. decrease government spending by $10 billion.

D. decrease government spending by $16 billion.

7. If there is a constitutional requirement to maintain a balanced budget, then during a recession when tax revenues are shrinking, the government will have to implement

A. contractionary fiscal policy.

B. no change in fiscal policy.

C. expansionary fiscal policy.

D. countercyclical fiscal policy.

8. Most economists believe that fiscal policy is:

A. better than the monetary policy for "fine-tuning" the economy.

B. better than the monetary policy for month-to-month stabilization.

C. not as good as the monetary policy for month-to-month stabilization.

D. not very good at pushing the economy in a particular direction.

9. An increase in the legal reserve ratio

A. increases the money supply by increasing excess reserves

B. decreases the money supply by decreasing excess reserves

C. increases the money supply by decreasing excess reserves

D. decreases the money supply by increasing excess reserves

10. The discount rate is the rate of interest at which

A. Federal Reserve Banks lend to commercial banks

B. savings and loan associations lend to some builders

C. Federal Reserve Banks lend to large corporations.

D. commercial banks lend to large corporations

11. Which of the following actions by the Fed most likely increase commercial bank lending?

A. raising the reserve ratio

B. increasing the federal funds rate target

C. reducing the interest paid on excess reserves held at the Fed

D. selling bonds to commercial banks and the public

12. Assume the economy is operating at less than full employment. An expansionary monetary policy will cause interest rates to ______, which will ______ investment spending.

A. decrease; decrease

B. decrease; increase

C. increase; increase

D. increase; decrease

sapphirecrow883

MBA502, Economics for Business

Apply and Discover 7.2

You are responsible for economic policymaking in your country. Your desire is to eliminate inflation, keeping prices absolutely stable at P = 100, no matter what happens to output. Currently, the economy is in equilibrium at Q = 3200 (where Q = potential GDP) and P = 100. You can use monetary and fiscal policies to affect aggregate demand but you cannot affect aggregate supply in the short run. How would you respond to the following scenarios?

Explain and illustrate how each of these events would affect aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and prices, then explain how you would respond with economic policies.

1. A surprise increase in investment spending

In the short run, when investment spending increases, it results in an increase in Aggregate Demand (AD), which in turn pushes up both GPD and the price index.

To counterbalance this development, government might pursue contractionary fiscal policy by increasing taxes (to reduce consumption) or decreasing its own investment and spending so that the AD curve shifts back to its original position. Alternatively, the government can pursue contractionary monetary policy by reducing money supply and increasing interest rate to discourage economic activity.

2. Catastrophic floods that cause a sharp food price increase

In this case, sharp food shortages and consequent price increases cause a shock-type adjustment of the aggregate supply curve (it shift up and to the left). The result is a lower GDP and a higher price level.

The government cannot do anything to adjust AS in the short run. However, if the goal is to maintain the price level constant, the government can decide to do something to decrease the aggregate demand to force prices to come down, though it will be accompanies by another contraction in GDP and so it would not be a smart thing to do.

To cause AD to decrease, the government, similar to example above, can pursue fiscal policy (increase taxes, decrease spending) or monetary policy (reduce supply of money to the economy and thus increase interest rates).

3. A productivity decline that reduces potential output

In this case, AS shifts to the left, as was the case in example 2. As a result, price levels go up, as the same amount of money is chasing the reduced amount of goods and services, and GDP declines.

Government remedies here would be centered about causing AD to decrease through contractionary fiscal (higher taxes, lower spending) or monetary (reduce money supply and increase interest rates) policy. Again, this decision reduces inflation but at expense of GDP, as real output shrinks further.

4. A deep depression in East Asia that causes a sharp decrease in net exports to the United States

A decrease in exports of goods to from the United States to Asia will mean that the aggregate demand (which includes net exports

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ECN 204 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Monetary Policy, Output Gap, Procyclical And Countercyclical

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