AFA 500 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Financial Statement Analysis, Stock Trader, Numerical Analysis

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22 Jan 2017

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Document Summary

Financial statement analysis can be broken down into the following steps: determine why the analysis is being done and clarify the decision focus, gather all available data. This would include not only the most recent financial statements but also information on the company"s business, its industry and competitors, and the economy. A complete analysis may be done only with an understanding of the environment within which the company conducts business: apply the appropriate analytical techniques. There is a large variety of ratios and other a(cid:374)al(cid:455)ti(cid:272)al tools to use; gi(cid:448)e(cid:374) the de(cid:272)isio(cid:374) (cid:271)ei(cid:374)g (cid:373)ade a(cid:374)d the (cid:272)o(cid:374)te(cid:454)t, the (cid:862)right(cid:863) analytical tools must be chosen: analyze and interpret the results. This is the most important step of any financial statement analysis. It is easy to perform the calculations; it is much more difficult to understand how the results will impact the decisions being made.

Related Questions

1. Apply to actual companies the basic knowledge and analytical techniques learned from our course.

2. Prepare common-size financial statements, comparative financial statements, and various profitability and risk ratios.

3. Compare the calculated results with competitors and across different years.

4. Summarize the analyses and make investment recommendations.

You will be analyzing the following firms:

Williams-Sonoma, Inc.

Pier 1 Imports, Inc.

For these firms, download the most recent annual report (10-K report) to begin your work. In 10-K reports, you can find companiesâ basic information, financial statements, footnotes to the financials, and the management discussions and analyses. Please download the 10-K reports from the following web links:

10-K reports (fiscal year 2016) for Williams-Sonoma, Inc.

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/719955/000119312517104341/d265187d10k.htm

10-K reports (fiscal year 2015) for Williams-Sonoma, Inc.

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/719955/000119312516525847/d120289d10k.htm

10-K reports (fiscal year 2014) for Williams-Sonoma, Inc.

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/719955/000119312515118009/d851953d10k.htm#tx851953_13

10-K reports (fiscal year 2016) for Pier 1 Imports, Inc.

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/278130/000119312517136345/d343458d10k.htm

10-K reports (fiscal year 2015) for Pier 1 Imports, Inc.

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/278130/000119312516556025/d133529d10k.htm

10-K reports (fiscal year 2014) for Pier 1 Imports, Inc.

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/278130/000119312515153179/d881010d10k.htm#toc881010_13

For your convenience, I also provided the balance sheet and income statement of each company for the most recent years at the end (page 5-8; Table 1-4). Please use them to prepare common-size financial statements and comparative financial statements.

Guidance

The required tasks are detailed below:

(1) Prepare common-size balance sheets and income statements for both companies. Note: Compute for the most recent THREE years.

(2) Prepare comparative analysis (i.e., change of percentage analysis) on income statement and balance sheet for both companies. You should compute for the most recent THREE years.

(3) Prepare ratio analyses (for the same THREE year time period) for both companies. At least, you should include the following ratios in your computations: (1) current ratio, (2) acid-test ratio, (3) receivables turnover, (4) inventory turnover, (5) asset turnover, (6) profit margin on sales, (7) rate of return on assets, (8) rate of return on common stock equity, (9) earnings per share, (10) payout ratio, (11) debt to total assets ratio, (12) times interest earned, (13) cash debt coverage ratio, and (14) book value per share.

(4) Comment on the analytical results of the two companies. Your comments should concentrate on the trends across the companies. In addition to contrasting the ratios between the companies, you should interpret the numbers and make suggestions as to why the ratio of one company might be higher/lower than the other.

(5) Write a conclusive summary on the firms you have studied. Based upon your conclusions, recommend the better performing firm for potential investment. Your conclusions should be based upon, and specifically reference, the analyses prepared in this report.

(6) Read sample project to get some ideas.

Report Format Requirements:

A. Report body requirements:

Cover page. List the title of the project, your names, and semester/year.

Abstract or Executive Summary. This is a separate page. It should cover the purpose of the project, the major findings, and the conclusions/recommendations, in summary form.

Table of Contents.

Main body. Use the following sequence for report content:

Introduction to the two companies and to the purpose of the report

Analytical section. This should include all your numerical analyses. This is where you will discuss the results of, comments on, and conclusions about the vertical and horizontal common-size statements, comparative analysis (i.e., change of percentage analysis), and the ratio analyses for both companies.

Comparisons of companies and all other analysis (observations and/or interpretations). (You may combine b and c if you wish, as long as both are well covered.)

Conclusions and recommendation for investment.

References. List all major reference sources.

Appendices. Include tables and graphs of your numerical analyses. For reference convenience, assign a title to each separate item, such as Table 1, Exhibit 1, etc.

B. Typesetting requirements:

Use size 12 font. Times New Roman is preferred.

Double space between lines.

Number pages in accordance with the APA style guide.

One inch on all sides.

Do not right justify text. Use left justify.

Minimum length: 8 pages. (Note: You can easily meet the minimum length requirement since you will have a lot of tables in the paper.)

The submitted work should be in ONE file with a word or pdf format. An Excel spreadsheet file is NOT acceptable.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism will not be tolerated. Evidence of plagiarism will result in a grade of âFâ to the course and be subject to appropriate disciplines.

NOTES:

A portion of your grade will be assessed based on the overall report quality, clarity, format, and cohesiveness.

A FREE RIDER in the group will not be tolerated. However, to report an alleged free rider, you should send me a formal written complaint. You should carefully manage your group over the semester to ensure that no teammate will take the chance of turning into a free rider. Try to contact/manage your teammates frequently and inform me if any member is not willing to participate the group work so we can address this issue ASAP. A free rider will receive his/her group project grades solely based on what he/she has contributed to the projects. If there is a free-rider in your group or a member drops the class, the rest of the group members are still expected to submit a COMPLETE paper.

Again, the balance sheet and income statements are provided at the end. Please use them to prepare common-size and comparative financial statements.

Table 1. Williams-Sonoma, Inc ----Balance Sheet

Williams-Sonoma, Inc.
BALANCE SHEET
Fiscal Years 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013
(In thousands)	FY 2016	FY 2015	FY 2014	FY 2013
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 213,713	$ 193,647	$ 222,927	330121
Restricted cash	â	â	â	14289
Accounts receivable, net	88,803	79,304	67,465	60,330
Merchandise inventories, net	977,505	978,138	887,701	813,160
Prepaid catalog expenses	23,625	28,919	33,942	33,556
Prepaid expenses	52,882	44,654	36,265	35,309
Deferred income taxes, net	â	â	130,618	121,486
Other assets	10,652	11,438	13,005	10,852
Total current assets	1,367,180	1,336,100	1,391,923	1,419,103
Property and equipment, net	923,283	886,813	883,012	849,293
Deferred income taxes, net	135,238	141,784	4,265	13,824
Other assets, net	51,178	52,730	51,077	54,514
Total assets	$ 2,476,879	$ 2,417,427	$ 2,330,277	2,336,734
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERSâ EQUITY
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$ 453,710	$ 447,412	$ 397,037	404791
Accrued salaries, benefits and other liabilities	130,187	127,122	136,012	138,181
Customer deposits	294,276	296,827	261,679	228,193
Income taxes payable	23,245	67,052	32,488	49,365
Current portion of long-term debt	â	â	1,968	1,785
Other liabilities	59,838	58,014	46,764	38,781
Total current liabilities	961,256	996,427	875,948	861,096
Deferred rent and lease incentives	196,188	173,061	166,925	157,856
Long-term debt				1,968
Other long-term obligations	71,215	49,713	62,698	59,812
Total liabilities	1,228,659	1,219,201	1,105,571	1,080,732
Stockholdersâ equity
Preferred stock: $.01 par value; 7,500 shares authorized; none issued	â	â	â	0
Common stock: $.01 par value; 253,125 shares authorized;
87,325 and 89,563 shares issued and outstanding at	873	896	919	941
January 29, 2017 and January 31, 2016, respectively	873	896	919	941
Additional paid-in capital	556,928	541,307	527,261	522,595
Retained earnings	701,702	668,545	701,214	729,043
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(9,903)	(10,616)	(2,548)	6524
Treasury stock â at cost: 20 and 29 shares as of January 29, 2017 and January 31, 2016, respectively	(1,380)	(1,906)	(2,140)	(3,101)
Total stockholdersâ equity	1,248,220	1,198,226	1,224,706	1,256,002
Total liabilities and stockholdersâ equity	$ 2,476,879	$ 2,417,427	$ 2,330,277	2,336,734

Table 2. Williams-Sonoma, Inc --- Statement of Income

Williams-Sonoma, Inc.
STATEMENT OF INCOME
Fiscal Years 2016, 2015, 2014,2013
(In thousands)	FY 2016	FY 2015	FY 2014	FY 2013
E-commerce net revenues	$ 2,633,602	$ 2,522,580	$ 2,370,694	$ 2,115,022
Retail net revenues	2,450,210	2,453,510	2,328,025	2,272,867
Net revenues	5,083,812	4,976,090	4,698,719	4,387,889
Cost of goods sold	3,200,502	3,131,876	2,898,215	2,683,673
Gross profit	1,883,310	1,844,214	1,800,504	1,704,216
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,410,711	1,355,580	1,298,239	1,252,118
Operating income	472,599	488,634	502,265	452,098
Interest (income) expense, net	688	627	62	(584)
Earnings before income taxes	471,911	488,007	502,203	452,682
Income taxes	166,524	177,939	193,349	173,780
Net earnings	$ 305,387	$ 310,068	$ 308,854	$ 278,902

jadegoat246

Please edit and rewrite the following in YOUR OWN WORDS... sothat it cannot be passed as plagiarism. Also, it needs to passturnitin.com inspection. I am just asking for a very skillfullrewording of this passage that is distinguishably and uniquelydifferent.

What is a CPA?

A CPA, or Certified Public Accountant, is a designation reservedfor accountants in the US who pass the CPA exam. This designationshows an expertise in the field. To become a CPA in the US, astudent must pass the exam and meet other state requirements suchas gaining a certain amount of work experience or furtherededucation. The CPA licenses accountants to provide their servicesto the general public. The CPA designation is taken very seriously,as its requirements maintain that only the most knowledgeableaccounts can qualify. The designation is usually used behind apersonâs name to signify the level of experience, and is often apunishable offense if it is used without actually passing the examand requirements.

The CPA Exam Requirements

International students who want to become an expert inaccounting and achieve the CPA designation will first need to passthe CPA exam. The exam is certainly not easy and tests many of themost important accounting principles. The exam is called theUniform CPA exam, and the eligibility to actually take the examdepends on the exact state the student plans to test in. There arethree main requirements for taking the CPA Exam. They arecategorized as the 3 Eâs: Exam, Education, and experience. One ofthe main qualifications to sit for the exam is advanced education.Undergraduate degrees carry 120 credit hours. The CPA exam usuallyrequires 150 credit hours. This means students will have to achieve30 hours of graduate level coursework. It most cases, aninternational student will take the 30 extra hours and thencomplete a few extra classes to earn a masterâs degree inaccounting. The exam also tests some of the laws of the stateincluding contract and state laws and often tests the knowledge offederal laws as well. The third requirement to sit for the exam isusually some type of experience in the field of accounting. Whilenot mandatory in all states, some states require that a CPAcandidate have 2 years of work experience in accounting or taxpreparation. Some states only require general experience inaccounting.

Learn What a CPA Does

While the main function is to offer public accounting services,the CPA designation can allow accountants to do many other things.One of the main functions of a CPA is auditing, either for a smallor large business. Auditors go through financial statements andmake sure there are no discrepancies. Many CPAs go on to theexecutive levels for companies, as either CFOs or CEOs. Inaddition, many CPAs work in the tax field working income taxes andfederal and state taxes for small or mid-sized companies. Otherroles of CPAs include financial analysts, financial planners,forensic accountants, Management consulting, estate planning andcorporate finance.

The Many Benefits of Becoming a CPA

Certified public accountants are at the top of their field.Students interested in studying accounting should give seriousconsideration about getting the CPA in the US. In order to grow inan accounting career a CPA designation is almost necessary. Inaddition, CPAs will usually get paid higher. Those with a masterâsdegree and CPA will see their salary go up even higher. Inaddition, being a CPA in the US will open the door for so many morecareer opportunities. Accounting professional are a hot commodity,and those with an advanced degree and CPA designation will be onthe top of the list for most employers. Certified publicaccountants in the US have a lot of responsibility, but being atthe top of your field is a great feeling! International studentsinterested in studying accounting will find that becoming a CPA andgraduating with a degree in accounting will allow them to chasethere dream, whatever it may be, because it is such a versatilecareer and skillset.

What types of skills will I need?

To begin a successful career in accounting, you will need todevelop a wide array of knowledge, skills and competencies, rangingfrom a strong understanding of accounting and business concepts toeffective leadership and communication skills. You will also needto have a broad business perspective, which will enable you to "seethe big picture" of the internal and external factors that impacthow a business operates. Technology will also be a major enablerthroughout your career, so it's critical to stay abreast of andutilize new computer applications and systems as necessary.

Problem-solving, analytical and researchskills - You should be able to analyze, compare andinterpret facts and figures. The ability to identify and solveunstructured problems in an unfamiliar setting and provideinsightful consulting advice is a valued quality. Creative thinkingwill help you face issues on a daily basis and generate innovativesolutions. Also, it is essential to be able to effectively andefficiently research, organize and report on technical and/orindustry specific issues utilizing print, electronic or humansources.

Personal skills -Accounting is a service activity, and you will have to work well inteams as well as in one-on-one situations. Critical to anyorganization's success is the ability to lead, motivate and empowerteams to attain clear, concrete, timely and measurable results.

Strong communication skills including the ability tobe a good listener- You will becalled upon to persuasively present, discuss and defend your viewsboth formally and informally, in writing and verbally. Clients andco-workers will present you with issues and questions you will needto interpret and respond to quickly. The ability to show empathyand sensitivity to their situations will position you in afavorable light and earn their respect and trust.

Understand emergingtechnologies- You need to keepcurrent on emerging technologies like e-commerce, image processingand workflow technology, and understand how these impact businessoperations and the use of information for decision making. Youshould know how to use the Internet, e-mail and discussion boards,as well as be familiar with the latest spreadsheet, database, wordprocessing, accounting, and business and presentation softwarepackages.

Broad BusinessPerspective- You need a keenbusiness sense and an awareness of current events, both locally aswell as globally. As a key business partner to clients and/orcompany management, you add value to the organization by makingappropriate recommendations based on your understanding of companyoperations, policies, practices and competitive factors.

The following is a transcript of a video

This video explores the vital role of accounting in one of the world's largest firms. Aon is a reinsurance broker, insurance broker, and employee benefits consultant operating in more than 120 countries. Its goal of being the world's most responsive and client-focused insurance company means it must integrate thousands of professionals in hundreds of disciplines in many countries.

Many view accounting as a primary business language. It is of little use, however, unless you know how to "speak" it. Fortunately, the fundamentalsâthe accounting equation and the double-entry bookkeeping systemâare not difficult to learn.

0:01Clearly, in the financial world,

0:03if you want to be an effective accountant,

0:05you just can't be a numbers person.

0:07You also have to understand people.

0:09You need to know how to debate and hold your

0:11position on the arguments that you take.

0:14âªâª

0:34-Narr: You might not have heard of Aon.

0:36They've brokered deals between clients

0:38and more famous insurance companies.

0:40They often even insure

0:42those insurance companies.

0:45In fact, the only building taller than the

0:47Aon building in Chicago is the Sears Tower.

0:50With over 550 offices in 130 countries,

0:55there's a lot of money involved

0:56and a lot of numbers to keep straight.

0:58So who does all that math?

1:00Well, that's easy.

1:01The pencil pushers, the number crunchers,

1:03bean counters, right?

1:05Accountants are traditionally thought of as

1:07humorless people who type into

1:09pocket calculators all day.

1:11Nothing could be farther from the truth.

1:13Accountants are actually some of the most

1:15important and influential people in business,

1:18and Joe Prochaska is probably

1:20the most important accountant at Aon.

1:23Accounting is the process of recording,

1:25categorizing and interpreting financial

1:28transactions, but there are more creative

1:30aspects to accounting than mere bookkeeping.

1:32That's why Joe is usually smiling.

1:35-Oh, yeah, and my staff is learning to smile.

1:37It's very rarely that they see

1:39me frown, okay, but there are

1:40different kinds of smiles.

1:42-At Aon, managerial accountants interpret

1:46financial data for a company's internal use.

1:49Financial accountants such as CPAs summarize

1:52that information for outside parties

1:54like potential investors.

1:56At the end of the year, Joe uses

1:58a tax accountant to assure that

2:00Aon is in full compliance with

2:02changing tax laws, and to assure that Aon is

2:05taking advantage of the best tax strategies.

2:08But Joe gets the lion's share of the duties

2:10when it comes to Aon's financial information.

2:13-The role I play in the process of handling

2:16all these inputs is reviewing all the reports

2:20that come in so that when our management

2:22takes a look at those financial statements,

2:24they can have some assurance that they're

2:26looking at this as our shareholders will be

2:30looking at it when we

2:31present the information.

2:34-Did you know that every book

2:35you've ever read,

2:36every comic strip, poem and Web page,

2:39has its roots in accounting?

2:40That's because the earliest

2:42written languages were created

2:44to keep track of financial transactions.

2:46Every world culture engages

2:48in some form of trade,

2:49and Aon operates in most of those places.

2:53-The information we get

2:54on a monthly and a quarterly basis

2:56from our different operations around the globe

2:59is stated in a variety of currencies,

3:01yet Aon is a U.S.-based company that publishes

3:05its financials in U.S. dollars.

3:07There's a requirement for some assurance from

3:11a party outside the management

3:12of the company that you've done

3:15a fair job in presenting your financials,

3:17that they've been presented reasonably

3:20and in a consistent manner.

3:23-That's why the

3:24Financial Accounting Standards Board created

3:26the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles,

3:29to help everyone get on the same page

3:31with their accountant.

3:32The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

3:34and the interpretation are one

3:36of my key functions at Aon.

3:38The Securities and Exchange Commission makes

3:41sure that companies stay on that page.

3:44-In its most adverse reaction,

3:46the SEC also is capable of doing

3:49what they would call an enforcement action.

3:52Many of you have heard of Enron,

3:53okay, and WorldCom.

3:56-The core of those principles is

3:58the six-step accountant cycle.

4:00Pretend you're on Joe's staff for a moment.

4:02First, a hundred different people

4:04send you transaction records

4:06from a dozen different departments.

4:08You collect and organize that pile of

4:10receipts, invoices, bank statements and

4:12purchase orders, account by account,

4:15into a book called a journal.

4:17Now divide all those

4:18transactions into purchases, sales,

4:21investments and so on, in a ledger.

4:24When that's done, do a trial balance

4:26to check your work.

4:28If it's off, go back and find the error.

4:31If it's okay, you can now begin

4:33the real task of accounting,

4:35reporting and analysis.

4:36-The mechanics of doing the accounting,

4:39that doesn't excite me too much.

4:41But going through the philosophy

4:42of what you're trying to accomplish

4:44and how you match revenue and expenses,

4:47which is really the underlying philosophy behind

4:50Generally Accepted Accounting Principles,

4:52to make sure when you recognize the revenue,

4:54you recognize the proportion of the expense.

4:57There's a lot of judgment and

4:58interpretation of what goes into

4:59an individual company in doing that.

5:05The two most basic reports you'll do are the

5:07balance sheet and income statement.

5:10The balance sheet contains the

5:12fundamental accounting equation.

5:14Assets are all the things Aon owns,

5:16like furniture and investments.

5:18Liabilities are how much the company owes

5:21others in the form of loans,

5:22bonds or unpaid bills.

5:24Equity is a little trickier to understand.

5:27Say that Aon owns $100,000, although we can

5:30pretty much guarantee they made a lot more.

5:33If they owe $70,000 in bills and loans to

5:36run the business, the $30,000 difference

5:39is called owners' equity.

5:42That's the amount of actual value

5:43that Aon's stockholders divide up

5:45between them to see how much their

5:47investment is worth at the moment.

5:49The income statement covers a specific period

5:52such as a quarter or year.

5:53It starts with revenue, which is all

5:56of Aon's earnings for the period,

5:58including sales, licensing fees

6:00and gains on investments.

6:02By subtracting the cost of goods sold,

6:04which is the amount of money applied

6:06to producing and distributing a product,

6:09you come up with a gross margin,

6:11or the profit and loss for the period.

6:18Okay, we've been throwing a lot of terms

6:20around, so let's take a break and learn a

6:22little bit more about what Aon does.

6:25One particularly interesting service

6:27has to do with extreme weather.

6:28-For instance, we do catastrophe modeling

6:32for hurricanes so that some of our insurance

6:35clients that may insure a whole lot

6:36of homes along the Gulf Coast to Florida

6:39what happens if a certain hurricane comes?

6:41What type of insurance or reinsurance

6:43protections do they need to make sure

6:46that they're still financially solvent

6:47if a big wind blows and takes out a

6:49lot of their clients' homes?

6:53In addition to that,

6:54one of the things that we innovated,

6:55we were one of the first people

6:56to provide a terrorism model.

7:00And you may be aware that Aon lost

7:02its major operations in New York,

7:04and we lost 175 of our associates

7:06in the World Trade Center disaster.

7:08That certainly spurred us into taking a look

7:11at what can we do to help companies manage

7:14and monitor their exposure to terrorism acts,

7:18and we've done a - have a strategic

7:20partnership with Rudy Giuliani and his group

7:23to try and help companies

7:25prevent and prepare for

7:27if a disaster like that would ever occur again.

7:34Okay, back to the income statement.

7:37Subtract the operating expenses of the company

7:39- that's salaries, electricity and stuff -

7:42from the gross margin to reveal

7:44net income before taxes.

7:46Then, obviously, subtract the taxes,

7:48and you get Aon's net income or net loss.

7:52That figure is what's known as

7:53the bottom line.

7:54If these two reports seem similar,

7:58just remember that the balance sheet is

8:00like a snapshot of the business at any

8:02particular moment, while the income statement

8:05is more like a movie of the company's

8:07performance over a certain period of time.

8:09Now you're at the final and most important

8:12step of the accounting cycle, analysis.

8:15A good example of analysis is budgeting,

8:18which looks at Aon's history to

8:19find ideas for the future.

8:22The budgeting and the planning process

8:23help us analyze and understand that

8:25and create a consensus among management

8:28of what are reasonable expectations

8:30for the coming years,

8:32and it also helps us to give some guidance to

8:34our shareholders on what they should expect

8:36for earnings from our company, which then

8:39I think also helps give people guidance

8:41on what reasonable valuations of our

8:43companies are for our shares.

8:45There are a host of other analyses

8:47you can do, financial ratios

8:49and activity ratios and liquidity tests.

8:52Of course, you don't have to do

8:53all of this math in your head; these days,

8:56most of it can be done by computer software.

8:58I can't think of anybody in our

9:01financial shop that doesn't have a computer

9:03on their desk, and I'm probably one of the

9:04biggest dinosaurs in that I can read all these

9:07financial reports and I can manipulate them,

9:09but I'm too far away from them

9:11to actually create them anymore.

9:13But clearly, the analysis and

9:15the financial reporting is definitely enhanced

9:18by the reporting tools that exist in computers.

9:22Well, your first day as an

9:23accountant went pretty well.

9:25You made a few decisions and learned a little

9:27about how Aon functions financially.

9:29If you're interested in learning more about

9:31accounting as a career,

9:32talk to your instructor.

9:34On the other hand, if accounting isn't for you,

9:36don't worry; your day hasn't been wasted.

9:39Understanding and applying the

9:41basic fundamentals of accounting is a skill that

9:43will help you in almost any

9:45business endeavor you pursue.

9:47Clearly, if you want to do

9:48anything in business - and I am biased,

9:51but there is no better foundation than

9:53having an accounting background,

9:55because that's how businesses are

9:57measured at the end of the day, and the

10:00intrepretation of those numbers are critical.

Question:

The value of the owners' interests is the same as

short-term liabilities.

equity.

revenue minus costs.

liabilities minus assets.

profits plus revenue.

pinkplatypus23

AFA 500 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Financial Statement Analysis, Stock Trader, Numerical Analysis

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