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MHR 405 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Institute For Operations Research And The Management Sciences, Stopwatch

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ochregnat479
27 Jul 2017
School
Ryerson University
Department
Human Resources
Course
MHR 405
Professor
David Chalmers

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Document Summary

Fall 2015 mhr 523 introduction to human resources management seminar 2. Lego man team building exercise instruction sheet for students. You have been given a set of 48 lego bricks. Your set contains bricks of a light and a dark colour. You have 11 dark 8s, 3 dark 6s, 6 dark 4s, 3 dark 2s, and 1 single dark peg. You have 12 light 8s, 2 light 6s, 6 light 4s, 3 light 2s, and 1 single light peg. Check to make sure you have all the required pieces prior to beginning the exercise. Your task is to assemble these pieces exactly like the model, which is located at the front of the room. You need to do so while work as a group/team in any capacity you may see fit. The final assembly has to be ready no later than 15 minutes before class ending time.

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Related Questions

For this assignment, we will consider a protein expressed in theliver of an African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Biochemistsdetermined that this protein is involved in the production ofglycogen.

In a stunning announcement, a snowboarder in Antarctica claimsto have found a new species of cheetah that is able to survivefreezing temperatures and a long, dark winter. The snowboarderdescribed a slow, fat, white-furred cheetah that may be related tothe African cheetah. Scientists isolated a fragment of DNA from theobese feline creature which codes for the liver protein:

(3' end) ...CTACGTTCAGCTTGTCACGACTGGTTA... (5' end)

(5' end) ...GATGCAAGTCGAACAGTGCTGACCAAT... (3' end)

At almost the same time, a sleek, fast, white-coated cheetah wasfound in the Andes in South America where cheetahs were not knownto exist. With some difficulty, a geneticist convinced the cheetahto allow her to swab the inside of the big cat's cheek to get asample of DNA. Soon after, the geneticist was able to isolate thefollowing DNA fragment believed to be involved with glycogenproduction in the liver:

(3' end) ...TCACCTACGTTCAATAGGTCACGACTGG... (5' end)

(5' end) ...AGTGGATGCAAGTTATCCAGTGCTGACC... (3' end)

The original African cheetah DNA fragment describing the liverprotein in question is this:

(3' end) ...CACCTACGTTCAGGAGGTCAGGACTGGTTA... (5' end)

(5' end) ...GTGGATGCAAGTCCTCCAGTCCTGACCAAT... (3' end)

You are part of a team of geneticists, evolutionary biologists,and bioinformatics experts. You will attempt to describe thedifferences between the three species of cheetah in both geneticand evolutionary terms.

1)For each DNA sequence, transcribe to mRNA and then find thechain of amino acids that it produces. Remember that a gene mustbegin with the "Start" codon.

2)Describe the differences in the basic genetic code between thethree species. How many DNA point mutations would be required tochange from one species to the others? How do the amino acidsequences of the proteins differ? Are there any silent mutationsthat may not effect the function of the protein?

3)Looking at the amino acid substitutions that exist between thespecies, would you expect there to be large functional differencesbetween the two slightly different proteins based on the propertiesof the substituted amino acids? Explain why you think this might bethe case.

4)Quantitatively assess the evolutionary distance between eachpair of the three species using the substitution matrix and PAMscores. (This involves three pairs: African/Andes,African/Antarctic, and Antarctic/Andes.)

5)Propose a scenario describing how the two new cheetah speciesmight have evolved from the African cheetah. Were the two newcheetahs once a single species which then branched to form twoseparate species? Or did they evolve independently from the Africancheetah? Be sure to include in your scenario how the new cheetahsmanaged to move from Africa to their present locations. Estimate arelative time line for each separate speciation event. (Aspeciation event is the genetic or environmental event that resultsin the creation of a new species.) How might the three proteinsexplain the survivability of the three species in their nativehabitat? (A little speculation is OK here. You are presenting ahypothesis based on the available evidence. Further research wouldbe required to prove your hypothesis.)

HELP IS APPRECIATED

For this assignment, we will consider a protein expressed in theliver of an African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Biochemistsdetermined that this protein is involved in the production ofglycogen.

In a stunning announcement, a snowboarder in Antarctica claimsto have found a new species of cheetah that is able to survivefreezing temperatures and a long, dark winter. The snowboarderdescribed a slow, fat, white-furred cheetah that may be related tothe African cheetah. Scientists isolated a fragment of DNA from theobese feline creature which codes for the liver protein:

(3' end) ...CTACGTTCAGCTTGTCACGACTGGTTA... (5' end)

(5' end) ...GATGCAAGTCGAACAGTGCTGACCAAT... (3' end)

At almost the same time, a sleek, fast, white-coated cheetah wasfound in the Andes in South America where cheetahs were not knownto exist. With some difficulty, a geneticist convinced the cheetahto allow her to swab the inside of the big cat's cheek to get asample of DNA. Soon after, the geneticist was able to isolate thefollowing DNA fragment believed to be involved with glycogenproduction in the liver:

(3' end) ...TCACCTACGTTCAATAGGTCACGACTGG... (5' end)

(5' end) ...AGTGGATGCAAGTTATCCAGTGCTGACC... (3' end)

The original African cheetah DNA fragment describing the liverprotein in question is this:

(3' end) ...CACCTACGTTCAGGAGGTCAGGACTGGTTA... (5' end)

(5' end) ...GTGGATGCAAGTCCTCCAGTCCTGACCAAT... (3' end)

You are part of a team of geneticists, evolutionary biologists,and bioinformatics experts. You will attempt to describe thedifferences between the three species of cheetah in both geneticand evolutionary terms.

1)For each DNA sequence, transcribe to mRNA and then find thechain of amino acids that it produces. Remember that a gene mustbegin with the "Start" codon.

2)Describe the differences in the basic genetic code between thethree species. How many DNA point mutations would be required tochange from one species to the others? How do the amino acidsequences of the proteins differ? Are there any silent mutationsthat may not effect the function of the protein?

3)Looking at the amino acid substitutions that exist between thespecies, would you expect there to be large functional differencesbetween the two slightly different proteins based on the propertiesof the substituted amino acids? Explain why you think this might bethe case.

4)Quantitatively assess the evolutionary distance between eachpair of the three species using the substitution matrix and PAMscores. (This involves three pairs: African/Andes,African/Antarctic, and Antarctic/Andes.)

5)Propose a scenario describing how the two new cheetah speciesmight have evolved from the African cheetah. Were the two newcheetahs once a single species which then branched to form twoseparate species? Or did they evolve independently from the Africancheetah? Be sure to include in your scenario how the new cheetahsmanaged to move from Africa to their present locations. Estimate arelative time line for each separate speciation event. (Aspeciation event is the genetic or environmental event that resultsin the creation of a new species.) How might the three proteinsexplain the survivability of the three species in their nativehabitat? (A little speculation is OK here. You are presenting ahypothesis based on the available evidence. Further research wouldbe required to prove your hypothesis.)

HELP IS APPRECIATED

I need help for my lab report please. It's only a-e Questions for study that I need help with, so any help or advice will be greatly appreciated! Underneath is more info on the lab if needed. Thank you!

Question for Study

1. A student performed this lab exercise, generating the following data:

Mass of H5IO6 used: 1.2320 g

Volume of thiosulfate used in blank titration: 47.93 mL

Volume of thiosulfate used in the unknown titration: 39.23 mL

a. What is the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution?

b. How many mmol of I3 — were present in the blank titration?

c. How many mmol of I3 — were present in the unknown titration?

d. How many mmol of glycol were present in the unknown titration?

e. What mass of ethylene glycol should be reported?

Introduction

The chemical analysis of organic compounds often presents major experimental difficulties. An accurate analysis depends upon the sample undergoing a single, well-defined reaction which quickly goes to completion. Often, organic compounds undergo several different reactions at the same time, and reaction rates are sometimes quite slow.

A functional-group analysis is one in which a particular grouping of atoms in a compound is made to react in a specific well-defined way with a particular reagent.1 In this experiment use is made of the reaction between an oxidizing reagent and an organic compound with the functional group COH-COH.

Analysis of Ethylene Glycol

Ethylene glycol reacts with periodate ion to form formaldehyde and iodate:

+ 𝐼𝑂4 − → 2 𝐻2𝐶𝑂 +𝐼𝑂3 − + 𝐻2𝑂 (8-1)

This oxidation-reduction reaction will proceed to completion with negligible side reactions under the appropriate set of conditions. The reaction is slow, but increases with increasing concentration of periodate. Here a known, fixed amount of periodate in excess of that needed to completely react with the glycol is added to the unknown. After the glycol has reacted, an excess of iodide is added to the solution. The iodide reacts with unreacted periodate according to:

𝐼𝑂4 − + 11 𝐼 − + 8 𝐻 + → 4 𝐼3 − +4 𝐻2𝑂 (8-2)

The iodide also reacts with the iodate produced in reaction 8-1 according to:

𝐼𝑂3 − + 8 𝐼 − + 6 𝐻 + → 3 𝐼3 − + 3 𝐻2𝑂 (8-3)

The triiodide produced in these reactions is then determined by titration with thiosulfate:

𝐼3 − +2 𝑆2𝑂3 2− → 3 𝐼 − + 𝑆4𝑂6 2− (8-4)

To find the glycol content, a blank solution containing the same fixed amount of periodate but no glycol is treated similarly. The difference in the number of moles of 𝐼3 − produced in the blank solution, and that produced in the sample solution, is equal to the number of moles of glycol in the sample solution.

Procedure

1. Prepare a solution from your unknown: a. Your unknown may have recently been refrigerated – make sure it is at room temperature before use. b. Transfer the vial contents quantitatively to a 250 mL volumetric flask. c. Dilute to volume with water and mix well.

2. Prepare a Periodic Acid standard solution (pronounced “purr-eye-oh-dic acid”): a. Weigh out 1.16-1.24 g of H5IO6 on an analytical balance. Periodic acid is very corrosive – to your skin and to metals. Do not spill any on the analytical balances. b. Quantitatively transfer the solid to a 100 mL volumetric flask, and dilute to volume with water.

3. Prepare a sodium thiosulfate solution: a. Weigh ~11.2 g of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate. b. Transfer the solid to a 1L Pyrex bottle and dilute to 500 mL to produce an approximately 0.09 M solution. c. Add 0.10 g Na2CO3 and swirl to mix well.

4. Prepare a ~0.5 M solution of sulfuric acid: a. In a beaker (250 or 400 mL), combine 25 mL of 3 M sulfuric acid and 125 mL of water. Mix. Remember: “Acid Into Water”. What glassware is appropriate to measure these volumes?

5. Prepare samples for titration: a. Pipet 20 mL of your diluted unknown and 10 mL of the periodic acid solution into a 250 mL conical flask and swirl to mix. b. Wait a minimum of 45 minutes to allow complete reaction before titrating. Do the blank titrations while you wait! c. Prepare a total of 3 samples in this way.

6. Perform the sample titrations: a. Add ~1.5 g of KI to your conical flask and swirl to dissolve. b. Add 10 mL of your 0.5 M sulfuric acid (use a graduated cylinder). c. Titrate from a dark red initial colour to the first change to yellow. d. Add 2.0 mL of thiodene indicator solution. The solution will become a dark grey/violet colour. e. Finish the titration (fractional drops) to a sharp disappearance of the violet colour. 7. Perform the blank titrations: a. Pipet 10 mL of periodic acid solution into a 250 mL conical flask. b. Add 20 mL of water with a graduated cylinder. c. Add reagents and perform the titration as in Step 6 above. Calculations Report the total mass (in mg) of ethylene glycol in your unknown.