NSE 13A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Suprasternal Notch, Sternal Angle, Pleural Cavity
Document Summary
Anterior (arms at side: midsternal line, midclavicular line. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary edema, bronchitis, asthma or emphysema: wheezes/ronchi, obstructed airways (e. g. , asthma, emphysema or bronchitis, tumour) Stridor: high pitched inspiratory sound in upper airways. Quality of respirations (automatic, regular, quiet, symmetrical expansion) Symmetrical interspaces, downward sloping ribs and costal angle. Lobes and bilateral: quality of air entry. Location of bronchial, bronchovesicular and vesicular breath sounds heard. Air entry clear in all lobes and equal bilaterally, no adventitious sounds . Oxygen saturation of less than 93% on room air. Increase in the transverse diameter of thoracic cage and costal angle widens. Prenatal exposure to smoke is a major risk. Results in chronic hypoxia, low birth weight and sensitizes brain to nicotine. Lungs do not perform until birth: normal rr is 30 to 40 in newborn. Lung becomes rigid (decrease in vital capacity and increase residual volume) Tuberculosis: national low of incidence reported in 2010 (4. 6 per 100,000)
