PSY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Slot Machine, Behaviorism, Radical Behaviorism
5 Jun 2018
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Where does knowledge come from?
• Even the strongest believers in nativism clearly do not believe that all knowledge
is innate. We have to learn most of what we know about the world:
(1) We have to learn which things are important to pay attention to...
(2) … ad which things we can safely ignore.
(3) We have to learn the consequences of our actions, whether good or bad.
Learning about events: Noticing and ignoring.
(1) Describe the concept of the orienting response (novelty preference), and its
adaptive value.
(2) Explain habituation and sensitization.
Orienting responses and habituation.
• Orienting reflex/Novelty preference – the tendency to pay attention to novel or
surprising events.
• Habituation – the decline in attention to familiar events.
Habituation and Sensitization.
• For some stimuli, repeated exposure leads to more intense reactions
(sensitization) rather than less intense reactions (habituation).
• Whether sensitization or habituation occurs often depends on the intensity of
the stimulus and what it indicates (e.g. danger).
Orienting responses and habituation.
• The novelty preference can be used to determine what babies can perceive
about the world. Can babies recognise different emotions?
Learning what events signal: Classical conditioning.
(1) Describe the basic elements of classical conditioning (the unconditioned
stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the
conditioned response).
(2) Describe how the CS and US become associated with each other.
(3) Outline stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.
(4) Explain the extinction of a conditioned response.
Classical conditioning: Learning to predict events.
• Some stimuli serve as signals for others.
o Sight/smell of food
▪ Taste of food
o Sight of exam papers
▪ Test
o Sight of a specific type of alcohol
▪ Sickness
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
The terminology of classical conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov and his dogs.
US CS
(food) (footsteps)
UR (salivation) to food
CR (salivation) to footsteps
Acquiring the connection between the CS and US
• What conditions need to be met in order for the connection to be acquired?
The C“ ust provide new information predicting the arrial of the U“
(1) Timing – the CS must arrive before the US.
(2) Timing – the US must follow the CS closely in time.
(3) Novelty – the CS must provide new information.
Stimulus generalisation/discrimination
• Responses conditioned to particular stimuli often generalise to similar stimuli.
• However, we can eventually learn to discriminate between stimuli with different
outcomes.
Extinction: When the CS no longer predicts the US
• If the CS no longer predicts the US, the CR will gradually disappear.
• However, if the CS is not encountered for a while, the CR may spontaneously
recover.
Learning about the consequences of behaviour: Instrumental conditioning
(1) Define instrumental conditioning.
(2) Eplai B.F. “kiers radial ehaiouris
(3) Outline the concept of reinforcement, both positive and negative.
(4) Discuss how different schedules of reinforcement affect behaviour.
(5) Explain how complex behaviours can be acquired through shaping.
(6) Define punishment, both positive and negative.
Instrumental conditioning versus classical conditioning
• Classical conditioning consists of learning that one event signals the occurrence
of a second. Your behaviour may change in response to the first event, but your
behaviour does not produce the second event.
• In CC, you learn that certain events result in certain outcomes. In IC, you learn
that your behaviour results in certain outcomes.
• Instrumental conditioning consists of learning that if you produce a certain
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Where does knowledge come from: even the strongest believers in nativism clearly do not believe that all knowledge is innate. Learning about events: noticing and ignoring. (1) describe the concept of the orienting response (novelty preference), and its adaptive value. (2) explain habituation and sensitization. Orienting responses and habituation: orienting reflex/novelty preference the tendency to pay attention to novel or surprising events, habituation the decline in attention to familiar events. Orienting responses and habituation: the novelty preference can be used to determine what babies can perceive about the world. Classical conditioning: learning to predict events: some stimuli serve as signals for others, sight/smell of food, taste of food, sight of exam papers, test, sight of a specific type of alcohol, sickness. Stimulus generalisation/discrimination: responses conditioned to particular stimuli often generalise to similar stimuli, however, we can eventually learn to discriminate between stimuli with different outcomes. Extinction: when the cs no longer predicts the us.
