Nursing HDP301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Chemotherapy, Hydrogen Bond, Non-Ionizing Radiation
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A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of the cell genes. Mutations are rare events (1/10,000,000 genes contains an error; mutagens can cause this to occur in 1/1000 times) When one amino acid is substituted into the codon for another amino acid, it is deemed a missense mutation. A nonsense mutation is where the amino acid sequence is mutated into a stop codon, resulting in a nonfunctional protein. Any physical or chemical agents that induce a mutation is deemed a mutagen. In ionizing radiation (i. e. gamma rays), dna is damaged by means of electron energizing, causing electrons to escape the atom, causing free electrons to strike other atoms. Nucleotide analogs (compounds that are very similar to normal nucleotides) can be used for potent antineoplastic and antiviral medications. Some chemical mutagens can also cause frameshift mutations, like mentioned above. Insertions: addition of a nucleotide in the genetic expression, which can greatly alter it"s structure (cid:523)t(e cakt ate elk)
