BISC 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Elephas, Messenger Rna, Hemoglobin

187 views3 pages

whitebeetle807

31 Oct 2017

School

Simon Fraser University

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BISC 100

Professor

Mr.Shieh

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

In an elephant molar tooth, the size of the plates on one end start from the smallest size then each plate grows as it reaches closer to the other end of the tooth. It may be due to how elephants need more plates to chew harder foods as well as food in bigger volumes. Avg of 1 mya = 14. 8 plates (14. 8-12. 4)/12. 4 x 100 = growth rate from 1. 5 to 1 mya = 19. 35% Avg of 1. 5 mya = 12. 4 plates (12. 4-11. 5)/11. 5 x 100 = growth rate from 2. 5 to 1. 5 mya = 7. 83% Avg of 2. 5 mya = 11. 5 plates (11. 5-9. 9)/9. 9 x 100 = growth rate from 3. 5 to 2. 5 mya = 16. 16% Avg of 3. 5 mya = 9. 9 plates (9. 9-7. 5)/7. 5 x 100 = growth rate from 5 to 3. 5 mya = 32% Avg of 5 mya = 7. 5 plates (7. 5-6. 5)/6. 5 x 100 = growth rate from 7 to 5 mya = 15. 38%

Related Questions

In the passages below, Darwin and Wallace both clearly define what a species is based on their observations of the natural world. They then provide explanations for how new species arise.

Excerpt from âThe Origin of Species and Genera (S322: 1880), January 1880 issue of Nineteenth Century,â by Alfred R. Wallace ... A species may be defined as a group of individuals of animals or plants which breed together freely and reproduce their like; whence it follows that all the individuals of a species, now living or which have lived, have descended from a few common ancestors, or perhaps from a single pair. Thus all horses, whether Shetland ponies, racers, or cart-horses, form one species, because they freely breed together, and are known to have all descended from a common stock. By the same test the common ass, the kiang, the quagga, and the zebra, are each shown to be distinct species; for though sometimes two of these species will breed together, they do not do so freely, they do not reproduce their like but an intermediate form called a mule, and these mules are not capable of reproducing their kind, as are the offspring of any pairs of a single species.

Excerpt from âOn the Origin of Species,â by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance to the horse and tapir, we have no reason to suppose that links ever existed directly intermediate between them, but between each and an unknown common parent. The common parent will have had in its whole organisation much general resemblance to the tapir and to the horse; but in some points of structure may have differed considerably from both, even perhaps more than they differ from each other. Hence in all such cases, we should be unable to recognise the parent-form of any two or more species, even if we closely compared the structure of the parent with that of its modified descendants, unless at the same time we had a nearly perfect chain of the intermediate links. ...

ï¿¼ï¿¼Excerpt from On the Origin of Species, Chapter 4, by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... On the view that each species has been independently created, I can see no explanation of this great fact in the classification of all organic beings; but, to the best of my judgment, it is explained through inheritance and the complex action of natural selection, entailing extinction and divergence of character, as we have seen illustrated in the diagram. ...

Question: From all these readings, is there evidence that both Darwin and Wallace independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection? Support your answer.

__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.

Lysosomes

Endosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleosomes

Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?

rapid rate of reproduction

all of the above

ability to grow under controlled conditions

amenability to genetic manipulation

By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________.

ribosomes.

a nucleus.

membrane bilayers.

replication machinery.

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.

intensity

absorption

wavelength

filtering

Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules ____________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

generate contractile forces

can rapidly reorganize

are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells

are intermediate in thickness

Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?

cell division

cell motility

vesicle transport

membrane support

DNA and RNA are different types of nucleic acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but not true of RNA?

It contains thymine.

It has 5'-to-3' directionality.

It is single-stranded.

It contains uracil.

Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ____________________.

prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms.

limit the rotation of the bonded atoms.

create a new arrangement of electron shells.

change the reactivity of the bonded atoms.

Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.

mammal

amphibian

bird

insect

10.

If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35S have, respectively?

16, 19, 17

16, 19, 15

16, 19, 16

16, 20, 15

11.

Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?

cell

organelle

protein

DNA

12.

Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactions also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable?

the concentration of each molecule

the size of each molecule

surface complementarity between molecules

the rate of synthesis

13.

Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?

E. coli

S. pombe

C. elegans

D. melanogaster

14.

Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets?

cholesterol

isoprene

triacylglycerol

palmitic acid

15.

Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are __________________.

anaerobes.

viruses.

parasites.

endosymbionts.

16.

Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material âburnedâ and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration?

17.

Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?

Experiment 1: Paper Chromatography

I need all the data tables and questions filled out!

Chromatography is routinely used to separate components of a mixture. In this experiment, you will perform a paper chromatography procedure. The objective for this experiment is to determine the best solvent (ionic, polar covalent or non-polar covalent) for the dyes found in candy-coated chocolate pieces. The chromatography paper acts as the stationary phase for the procedure, and a variety of mobile phases (solvents) will be tested. Multiple tests with different eluting solvents must be run to determine the best eluting solvent to separate the food dyes. Some of the factors you will investigate include polarity and electrical charge (ionic characteristics).

Chromatography is based on two phases: the mobile phase and the stationary phase. The mobile phase is the phase which moves up the chromatography paper. This is also referred to as the eluting solvent, which the mixture of analytes is placed in.

The stationary phase is the material held in place for the chromatography procedure. Think of the mobile phase as a moving stream and the stationary phase as the stream bed. If you were to toss in a leaf, a stick, and a large rock, what would happen? Each different component would travel at different rates along the stationary phase, using the mobile phase as a vehicle. Many properties affect the affinity of a substance for the mobile or stationary phase, including polarity, solubility, particle size and electrical charge. Chemists can use their knowledge of these properties to separate a mixture effectively.

Materials

(3) 50 mL Beakers
1 Pipette
1 Stir Rod
10 mL Graduated Cylinder
100 mL Graduated Cylinder
(6) 5.5 x 9 cm. Pieces of Chromatography Paper
3 Capillary Tubes
600 mL Beaker
Ruler
*36 M&MsÂ® (12 Blue, 12 Green, and 12 Red)
30 mL of each of the following eluting solvents:
0.5% Sodium Chloride (Salt), NaCl solution

0.2% Sodium Chloride (Salt), NaCl solution
*Distilled Water (eluting solvent)
*70% Isopropyl Alcohol, C₃H₈O
*Create Your Own: Use your knowledge of eluting solvents to create two additional eluting solvents (30 mL each).
*Pencil
*20 mL 70% Isopropyl Alcohol, C₃H₈O

*Note: The individual candies have been repackaged by eScience Labs. Do not eat the candies.
*You must provide

Procedure:

1. Gather three 50 mL beakers, one for each color candy you will test.

2. Place two M&MsÂ® candies of one color into a beaker.

3. Repeat for each color of the candy you will test. You should have two green candies in one beaker, two red candies in a second beaker, and two blue candies in the third beaker.

Preparation of the Analyte

4. Use a pipette and the 10 mL graduated cylinder to add one mL of 70% isopropyl alcohol to each beaker.

5. Stir gently with a stir rod until the candy's white undercoating appears. Remove the candies. Be sure to rinse the stir rod every time you insert it into a new beaker.

6. Allow the solutions to sit and concentrate while stationary phase is prepared.

Preparation of Stationary Phase

7. Obtain a piece of chromatography paper that is approximately 5.5 cm wide and 9.0 cm long.

8. Using a pencil, mark the paper according to the sample provided in Figure 7 at the end of the procedure.

9. Using a capillary tube, place small spots of the analyte equally spaced along the marked line. Since there are three colors to be tested, there will be three spots on the line (use one capillary tube per color; save the tubes for the additional trials).

Note: Capillary tubes are extremely thin tubes. They are useful when working with very small amounts of a sample, and collect liquid samples through capillary action. To use the capillary tube, simply place the open end of the tube in the sample. The liquid molecules will be drawn into the tube and stick to the inner walls. Figure 6 provides a references for this process.

Figure 6: Capillary tubes use capillary action to pull up liquid.

10. Allow the spot to dry, and re-spot the analyte in the exact same area as done in Step 9. Repeat this process at least five times, or until the colored dots appear distinct on the paper.

11. Pour the deionized water (your eluting solvent) into the 600 mL beaker until it has reached a height of approximately 0.5 cm. This will take approximately 20 - 30 mL.

12. Place the paper (line-side down) into the 600 mL beaker with the eluting solvent for 3 - 5 minutes. Your initial line should be above the solvent. When complete, the original spots near the bottom of the paper should be dissolved (as the colors traveled up the solvent front).

13. Mark the edge of the solvent front (the edge of the mobile phase) and the location of the analytes with a pencil (see Figure 7 for reference). Record your data and any additional observations in Table 1.

Note: Some M&MsÂ® colors may have more than one spot. The distance travelled by each spot should be measured and recorded.

14. Repeat the procedure five more times, incorporating one of the remaining eluting solvents (0.5% NaCl, 0.2% NaCl, 70% isopropyl alcohol, and the two solvents that you create) each time.

Figure 7: Sample paper chromatography results.

Table 1: Experiment 1 Variables
Solvent	Distance Traveled by Mobile Phase (mm)	Distance Traveled by Each Analyte (mm)	Additional Observations
1. Distilled Water		Green: Blue: Red:
2. 0.5% NaCl Solution		Green: Blue: Red:
3. 0.2% NaCl Solution		Green: Blue: Red:
4. 70% Isopropyl Alcohol		Green: Blue: Red:
5. Student Creation:		Green: Blue: Red:
6. Student Creation		Green: Blue: Red:

Experiment 2: Slime Time

Although you may not realize it, the inks which are used in writing utensils are chemical solutions which include different molecules. Some inks are polar, while others are non-polar. A polar solvent will attract polar inks, while a non-polar solvent will attract non-polar inks. In this experiment, you will use inks to identify slime and silly putty as polar or non-polar. You will also use paper chromatography to verify the inks are correctly identified as polar or non-polar.

Materials

(1) 250 mL Beaker
5 mL 4% Borax Solution, Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O
Dry Erase Marker
(1) 10 mL Graduated Cylinder
(1) 100 mL Graduated Cylinder
Filter Paper (Disk)
Filter Paper (Rectangular)
0.5 g Guar Gum
Highlighter
Permanent Marker

1 Popsicle Stick
Silly PuttyÂ®
Ruler
Stir Rod
Uni-ballÂ® Roller Pen
*Distilled or Tap Water
*Newspaper
*Notebook Paper
*Scissors

*You must provide

Procedure:

Part 1: Making Slime

1. Transfer the 0.5 g of guar gum into an empty 250 mL beaker.

2. Use the 100 mL graduated cylinder to measure and pour 50.0 mL of distilled water into the 250 mL beaker with the guar gum.

3. Use the stir rod to thoroughly mix the solution.

Note: It may take a few minutes to fully dissolve the guar gum in the water.

4. Use the 10 mL graduated cylinder to measure and pour four mL of the 4% borax solution into the 250 mL beaker with the guar gum solution.

5. Use the stir rod to stir the solution until it forms a slime. This will take a few minutes. If the solution remains too runny, add an additional one mL of the 4% borax solution. Continue to stir until the solution is the right consistency.

6. Once you are satisfied with the slime's consistency, use the popsicle stick to carefully transfer it from the beaker into your hands. Be sure not to drop any of it on to the floor!

7. Manipulate the slime in your hands. When you are done, write down observations about how slime pours, stretches, breaks, feels, etc. in the Data: Part 1 section at the end of the procedure.
Caution: Slime is slippery and if dropped it can make the work area slick.

8. Transfer the slime back into the beaker and wash your hands.

Part 2: Slime and Putty Ink Tests

1. On a piece of notebook paper make one, 20 - 25 mm long mark of each of the inks you are testing. Space the marks at least one inch apart. Use a pencil to label each mark with the name of the ink source.

a. Water soluble inks include those in highlighters and certain pens.

b. Water insoluble inks include those in a permanent pen/markers, newsprint, and a Dry Erase markers.

2. While the inks are drying, select a passage or a picture in the newspaper to test with the slime.

3. Break off a small piece that is 3 - 5 cm in diameter of slime. Gently place this piece on top of the newspaper print, then carefully pick it up again.

4. Observe and record in Table 2 whether or not the ink was picked up onto the slime.

5. Break off another small piece of slime. Once the inks from Step 1 have dried, gently place the slime on top of the first spot on the notebook paper, then carefully pick it up.

6. Repeat Step 5 for each of the inks. Observe and record which inks were picked up (dissolved) by the slime in Table 2.

7. Repeat Step 6 ink testing two more times for accuracy.

8. Before performing ink tests on Silly PuttyÂ®, in the Data: Part 2 section hypothesize which inks the silly putty will pick up.

9. Perform ink tests on Silly PuttyÂ® in the same manner as above. Record your results in Table 2.

Part 3: Chromatography of Ink Samples

1. Use a pencil or scissors to poke a small hole in the center of a piece of filter paper disk (see Figure 8).

Figure 8: Chromatography apparatus for Procedure Part 3.

2. Use a rule to spot the filter paper with the two soluble ink sources, and the two insoluble ink sources used in Part 2 (four total). Each spot should be approximately two cm from the center hole, and should be evenly positioned around the circumference of the hole.

3. Cut the rectangular piece of filter paper in half. Fold the paper in half (length-wise) several times to create a narrow wick.

4. Insert the wick into the hole of the filter paper disk so that it the top of the wick is approximately two cm from the disk.

5. Fill a 250 mL beaker ³/₄ full with water (between 100 and 150 mL of water).

6. Set the filter paper disk on top of the beaker so that the bottom of the wick is submerged in the water. The disk should extend passed the circumference of the beaker with the spotted side facing up.

7. Allow water to travel up the wick until it is approximately one cm from filter paper disk. Remove the filter paper set-up from the beaker.

8. Observe which inks moved from where they were originally spotted. Record your observations in the Data: Part 3 section at the end of the procedure.

Data

Part 1

â¢ Slime Observations:

Part 2

â¢ Hypothesis for Silly PuttyÂ® (Procedure Part 2, Step 7) :

Part 3

â¢ Observations of inks following chromatography:

Table 2: Results of Ink Testing for Silly PuttyÂ®
Name of Ink	Picked up (dissolved)	Did not pick up
Name of Ink	Test 1	Test 2	Test 3	Test 1	Test 2	Test 3
Newsprint
Highlighter
Uni-ballÂ® Roller Pen
SharpieÂ® Marker
Dry Erase Marker

Post-Lab Question

1. Did the slime pick up water soluble or water insoluble inks in Part 2? From these results, what can you conclude about the polarity of slime molecules?

2. Explain how you determined your hypothesis about whether or not Silly PuttyÂ® would pick up water soluble inks. What scientific information did you incorporate to formulate the hypothesis? Was your hypothesis correct?

3. Were the inks you used properly classified as soluble and insoluble? Explain your answer.

BISC 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Elephas, Messenger Rna, Hemoglobin

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

ESPM 114 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Dik-Dik, Rete Mirabile, Northern Elephant Seal

Related Questions