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BISC 333 Lecture 2: Introduction to Developmental Biology

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whiterat187
24 Jan 2019
School
Simon Fraser University
Department
Department of Humanities Biological Sciences
Course
BISC 333
Professor
Sherryl Bisgrove

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Document Summary

Developmental biologists are interested in understanding how these processes are controlled in different organisms. Two general processes occur as the zygote becomes a complex multicellular organism: multiple rounds of cell divisions occur, cells take on different identities and develop into specific organs, limbs, and other parts of the organism. This must occur in the correct spatio-temporal context in the developing embryo. These processes are largely controlled by the regulated expression of genes and the activity of the proteins they encode. This controls what happens to specific cells at different times and places. Model organisms: much of what we know about development comes from studies on model organisms . Organisms are chosen to be models because they are amenable to experimental manipulation. It is assumed that the lessons learned by studying model organisms are widely applicable to other species. It is important to have model organisms that span the evolutionary tree of life.

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Related Questions

1. Which cellular processes occur as a consequence of differential control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells?

a) Cell Differentiation

b) Differential Translation

c) Differential Polymerization

d) Differential DNA Replication

e) Differential tRNA Degradation

2) Multicellular organisms are comprised of a variety of cells with different morphologies and different functions. Which is the underlying mechanism that leads to the generation of diverse cell in one organism?

a) The expression of all genes in all cell types.

b) The duplication of the genome in certain cell types.

c) The elimination of specific group of genes from different cell types.

d) The differential expression of particular sets of genes required for a particular cellular phenotype

e) All of the above

3) Which of these statements defines paracrine cell signaling?

a)

A messenger molecule released into the blood stream to bind to a receptor on a cell far away from the release site.

b)

A messenger molecule released by a cell into the extracellular space that binds to receptors on the surface of the same cell.

c)

A messenger molecules released by a cell into the extracellular space that travels short distances to bind to a receptor in a nearby cell.

d)

A messenger molecule release by a tissue into the lumen of an organ that diffuse to bind to receptors far away from the release site.

e)

All of the above.

4) Which effect has the binding of the ligand to a G-protein coupled receptor on intracellular G-protein?

a)

ATP is hydrolyzed, activating phosphorylation

b)

GTP is exchanged for GDP on the G protein, inactivating the G protein

c)

GDP is exchanged for GTP on the G protein, activating the G protein

d)

GMP is released from the G-protein, inactivating the receptor

e)

None of the above

1. Water's molecular structure of water gives rise to 4 emergent properties that facilitate life on earth. Explain how the molecular structure of water contributes to each of these properties.

Explain why the structure of carbon makes it an excellent backbone for the molecules that compose living organisms.

2. Explain how water is involved in the synthesis and breakdown of biological macromolecules. in your answer, make sure to discuss the reactions that join and break apart monomers and why water is related to these processes.

Saturated and unsaturated fats have different fluidities at room temperature. Explain why this occurs.

Use the structural differences discussed in part 1 to explain why one type of fat can harm the cardiovascular system while the other has little negative effects.

Given that starch and cellulose are both made from the same monomer, why do you think that cellulose is so much more difficult for animal digestive systems to break down?

Most living organisms are extremely sensitive to changes in temperature and pH.

Use your knowledge of protein structure and the bonds involved to explain this sensitivity. make sure to be specific about levels of structure and bonds that are disrupted when temperature or pH change significantly.

Some living organisms such as gut microorganisms able to survive in environments with extreme pHs. What kind of modifications may they have in the amino acid composition of their proteins that facilitate their adaptation to this environment?

<Cell structure and organelles>

3. Explain how the internal structure of a cell isolated from the pancreas differs from that of a muscle cell.,

Compare the structures of animal and plant cells. How are they different? how are they the same?

Edema is a medical condition that results from fluid leaking out of blood vessels into surrounding tissues. using your knowledge of animal cell junctions, hypothesize what type of junction may be malfunctioning in individuals suffering from edema and explain why you believe your hypothesis to be correct.

Please briefly explain reasoning for all questions.

1)

Which of the following is a component of a vertebrate kidney? (Select all correct choices.)
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
renal tubules
collecting ducts
Malphigian tubules

2)

In organisms, the ability to control osmosis depends on the properties of the plasma membranes of individual cells. Based on their ability to permit the free movement of water and some solutes, these membranes are best described as: (select all correct choices)
impermeable.
permeable.
semipermeable.
diffusible.
impervious.

3)

True or false: The inner cell mass of the blastocyst becomes the embryo, while the outer cell layer of the blastocyst forms part of the placenta.
true
false

4)

Which of the following accurately characterizes the early cleavage divisions in most animals, although not necessarily in mammals?
They do not involve an increase in the size of the zygote.
They are directed by the zygote’s genome.
They are relatively slow.
They do not occur at the same time, so at any given moment the zygote may have an odd number of cells.
All of these choices are correct.

5)

A key difference between hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems of males and females is that:
LH and FSH are released only in females.
LH and FSH are released only in males.
LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males.
LH is released in males and FSH is released in females.
LH is released continuously in males and FSH is released cyclically in females.

6)

Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction: (select all correct choices)
requires less investment in attracting mates.
allows much more rapid population growth.
is rarely found as the sole mechanism of reproduction.
results in the production of genetically identical cells or individuals.
involves meiosis and fertilization as core processes.

7)

True or false: In response to LH and FSH, ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.
true
false

8)

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, if the oocyte is not fertilized, a number of events occur which are listed below. Select the answer that places the events in the correct chronological order.

Events:
1. the lining of the uterus is shed
2. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
3. follicle cells are converted to the corpus luteum
4. the corpus luteum degenerates
5. estrogen and progesterone levels fall

3, 2, 4, 5, 1

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2, 4, 3, 1, 5

4, 3, 2, 1, 5
5, 2, 3, 4, 1

9)

If an antibody is missing its Fc fragment, what would happen if this antibody encounters its target antigen in the bloodstream? Select all correct choices.
The antibody would be able to bind the antigen at a specific epitope.
The antibody would be able to bind the antigen, but not at an epitope site.
The antibody would not be able to bind to the antigen.
The antibody would be able to activate components of the complement system.
The antibody would not be able to activate components of the complement system.

10)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individual’s immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.
Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

11)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individual’s immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.
Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

12)

Which of the following statements is true regarding T cell receptors? Select all correct choices.
They recognize antigen-MHC complexes.
They contain variable and constant regions.
They are composed of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains.
They are formed by the rearrangement of V, J, C, and D gene segments.
They can be found in the bloodstream independent of T cells.