CRIM 220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Statistical Hypothesis Testing, Relate, Data Analysis
23 Jan 2018
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Document Summary
Empirical: knowledge produced based on experience or observation. Scientists have certain criteria to be met: an assertion must have both logical and empirical support. Hunches & hypotheses as explanations (x causes y) Majority of knowledge is based on agreement reality. Assuming that a few events are evidence of a general pattern. Guard against by using appropriate sample and replication. Noticing events that support our beliefs and ignoring others (tunneling) Guard against by specify #, type of observation. Illogical ways of handling contradictory observations (gambler"s fallacy) Guard against by approach research without bias. What should be depends on policy/decision makers. Inferences about social regularities are based on probabilities. An identified pattern does not have to be 100% Conceptualization: scientists use theory to develop research questions that can be examined through observations. Operationalization: specification of the steps, procedures, operations to identify and measure variables. Abstract ideas around which we do research and build theory. Hypothesis: testable statement that delineates associations among variables.
