BIOL 2260 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Net Reproduction Rate, Life Table

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viridiancamel691

5 Jul 2016

School

Trent University

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL 2260

Professor

Xenopoulos Marguerite

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Document Summary

Population size a x divided by the original population size. Proportion of a population surviving to each time interval. Probability of death before next time interval. A tabulation of birthrates for females at different ages in a population. Fx = total fecundity: total number of births in the population for each age class. Mx = individual fecundity: average number of births per female during time interval o. Average number of offspring produced by an individual during its life time. When calculating r0 it is assumed that there is a o o. The average age at which a female gives birth to her offspring. Calculating over realized per capita growth rate (r) from a life table o r = lnr0/t. Exercise: a biologist bands marks 50 meadow voles just after birth in one year in a closed population, then monitors the survivors over time. She records that 45 voles survive to age 1, 35 voles survive to age.

Related Questions

1. Life expectancies differ across populations. Life expectancy at birth in the U.S. is currently around 78 years (76 for males; 81 for females). Consider a population in which life expectancy at birth is 50. Given what you know about life history theory, discuss how this population would differ from the U.S. across the following life history characteristics: age at first marriage, age at first reproduction, total fertility (number of children born per female), length of time spent in school, and money spent on education. Be sure to support your predictions using life history theory.

2. The following data on interbirth interval (time between births), child survivorship, and percent of children married were collected to evaluate reproductive decisions within a population. Assuming a woman of this population has a 20-year reproductive span (maximum time available from first to last birth), use these data to 1) calculate the maximum number of live births a woman could have, and 2) determine the number of births that will lead to the highest fitness (surviving children who marry) if we assume that all married children will have the same number of offspring. To receive credit, you must show your work. Lastly, what are the implications of your results?

% child %

IBI (months) Survivorship ever married

12	0.6	0.4
15	0.64	0.47
18	0.68	0.54
21	0.72	0.61
24	0.76	0.68
27	0.8	0.75
30	0.84	0.82
33	0.88	0.89
36	0.88	0.96
39	0.89	0.96
42	0.9	0.96
45	0.91	0.96
48	0.92	0.96
51	0.93	0.96
54	0.94	0.96
57	0.95	0.96
60	0.96	0.96

You are part of a group of researchers examining the survivorship and fecundity of Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Parts of the reserve are well-protected from poaching, and other parts are largely unprotected. Over a period of several years, youâve gathered demographic data (summarized below) on tigers in both poached and unpoached locations; assume that mx numbers represent female offspring born per female. Note that your demographic data begins at age 1, and does not include survivorship of cubs from birth to age 1. Also, note that Sx is listed here -- this is related to, but is NOT the same as lxâ¦ To calculate r, use the formula r = ln(Ro)/T

		Including
	unpoached	poached
Tiger age (x)	Sx	Sx	Mx
0	1	1	0
1			0
2	0.83	0.69	0.04
3	0.91	0.65	0.64
4	0.9	0.62	0.78
5	0.85	0.6	0.71
6	0.76	0.58	0.77
7	0.73	0.58	0.77
8	0.61	0.58	0.77
9	0	0	0

a. Use the âunpoachedâ data to produce a life table that extends from birth (age 0) to age 8. Use this life table to estimate the probability of tiger cub survival from birth to age 1 (s1) that would be required to make the tiger population of the unpoached portion of the refuge stationary (neither growing nor shrinking). Calculate Ro, T, and r for this population.

tanhedgehog615

PLEASE ANSWER IN PARAGRAPH FORM CORRECTLY. I appreciate it.

1. A) Describe what SexualSelection is and B) explain how it differs fromNatural Selection

2. Research a behavior in an animal andA) explain the ultimate causes of that behaviorand B) list the proximate causes of it.

3. âThe southern gastric broodingfrog was discovered in 1972 and properly described in 1981. Intenseinterest followed and in the same year it had disappeared in thewild, shortly followed by the last captive specimen's death in1983. The interest was primarily due to the frog's unusualreproductive method. The female swallows her eggs and turns herstomach into a womb, vomiting up her young when they are grown. Theloss of her stomach means she doesn't eat while they develop, andher new womb bloats so much it causes her lungs to collapse(meaning she has to breathe through her skin). On the other handanother species of frog, the TÃºngara frog, lay their eggs in a pondand leaves them to develop on their own without any parental careâ(www.facebook.com/evolutionarybiology - like). A)Compare the gastric brooding frog and the TÃºngara in terms of howthey balance the trade-off of quality vs. quantity of offspring(are they each K-selected or r-selected?). B) Whatother life-history traits (include: life span, number of offspringproduced, age at reproduction, reproductive events per lifetime) doyou expect to find differences between gastric brooding frog or theTÃºngara frog? Explain.

4. A) Explain why one can argue that humanswere K-selected species before the industrial revolution and now inmodern times see to be r-selected (in your explanation include theterms: carrying capacity, rate of population growth).B) However, in developed countries, the number ofoffspring produced per couple is decreasing every year, the age offirst time mothers in increasing (they are older when they havetheir first baby) and the cost of investment per offspring isincreasing (for example college tuition!). Explain what effectwould that have in the model of population growth in developedcountries (do you expect them to be more K-selected or r-selected?)Make sure to support your argument. C)Can human population increase forever? (use the terms: carryingcapacity, population growth, density-dependent anddensity-independent factors).

5. Study the figure below (published in Kwanoet al. 2002). The x-axis of the figure shows different locations atdifferent altitudes, with altitude decreasing from left to right(W. Java has the highest altitude, W. Mindanao has the lowest). They-axis represents the range of body length for beetles found ateach location. Two species of closely related rhinoceros beetlesinhabit Southeast Asia: Chalcosoma caucasus andChalcosoma atlas. One species, C. atlas (whiteboxes in the figure), is more common in low altitude, while C.caucasus (filled boxes in the figure) is more common in higheraltitudes. However, they overlap at intermediate altitude (fromLampung to E. Thailand). The graph shows the body length of eachspecies in allopatric and sympatric locations. What ecologicalphenomenon can explain the differences between the allopatric (whenonly one species lives in that location) and sympatric (when bothspecies live in the same location) populations? Please explain yourargument, you MUST include the terms: competition, competitiveexclusion, realized niche, fundamental niche, resource-partitioning& character displacement).

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BIOL 2260 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Net Reproduction Rate, Life Table

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