BIOCH200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Atp Synthase, Active Transport, Electrochemical Gradient

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coffeesea-lion820

16 Apr 2018

School

University of Alberta

Department

Biochemistry

Course

BIOCH200

Professor

Adrienne Wright

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Document Summary

Atp synthase can change shape so can add on phosphate. Energy from oxidation, potential energy in proton gradient, mechanical energy, chemical energy. 2 electrons through complex 3: will give 4 pumped protons. 10 protons: nad, 6 protons: fad so nad provided more atp (3 protons for atp) Fad is a prosthetic group which is bound to complex 2. Succinate (r) is the intermediate in cac >(fad->fadh2) >fumarate (o) The qh2 goes to complex 3 then to cytochrome c>complex 4>oxygen. Complex 1 (2 electrons from nadh) >fadh2(2 electrons from succinate) >q. To fully reduce oxygen, we need 2 electrons and 2 protons. The bigger the reduction potential, the greater the energy. Atp: driving endogenic reactions, muscle contraction, primary active transport. Atp synthase not working, h gradient very high. Adp less mean atp is not being used up. Because fat has to be metabolized by oxygen.

Related Questions

Which of the following is a substrate or component of complex IV:

a. FMN

b. CuB

c. oxidized cytochrome c

d. Fe-S protein.

F₀F₁ ATP synthase:

a. has a c-ring that can only be made of 8-subunits

b. requires 12 protons to make 3 ATP in all mammalian tissues.

c. converts an electrochemical gradient into mechanical energy to drive the removal of ATP from its active site.

d. None of the above.

Throughout the course we discussed the impact that the removal of oxygen would have on cellular metabolism during strenuous exercise and in this last unit applied it to mitochondrial metabolism. Given these discussions we can say that anaerobic conditions:

a. lead to the reduction of each complex in the electron transport chain

b. lead to the accumulation of NADH in the matrix of the mitochondria.

c. lead to a diminished activity of ATP synthase.

d. All of the above.

The addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) to a suspension of mitochondria in which an inhibitor of ATP synthase is present along with the reduced electron carrier succinate will cause which of the following to occur?

a. Proton flow from the N to P-side via complex II.

b. The concentration of NADH to increase in the matrix due to subsequent inhibition of the electron transport chain.

c. Increased rate of oxygen reduction.

d. Decreased flux through complex III.

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Why does an electron have lower potential energy in an H-O bondthan in an O=O bond?

H has a higher electronegativity than O.

O=O is not stable.

O=O contains a double bond.

The electrons are closer to the oxygen atom in the H-O bond.

None of the answers are correct.

How is the energy from the electron transport chain used mostdirectly?

to form the bonds of a water molecule

to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membraneinto the mitochondrial intermembrane space

to join ADP with a phosphate

to decompose glucose into pyruvate

to rotate ATP synthase

Which process provides the energy needed to pump protons acrossthe mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation?

the transfer of electrons in redox reactions

the breakdown of ATP to ADP

the rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

oxidation of isocitrate

None of the answers are correct.

What causes the ATP synthase rotor to spin?

the passing of electrons through ATP synthase

the movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane

the movement of electrons across the mitochondrial membrane

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate group

None of the answers are correct.

What of the following generates the proton-motive force duringoxidative phosphorylation?

buildup of NADH molecules at protein complex I

movement of H⁺ ions across the mitochondrial membraneduring electron transport

rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

joining of H⁺ ions with oxygen to form water

None of the answers are correct.

Suppose a microorganism invades a cell, causing damage to ATPsynthase. How would cellular respiration be affected?

Electrons could not be passed down the electron transportchain.

ADP could not be joined with a phosphate to form ATP.

Hydrogen ions could not be pumped into the mitochondrialintermembrane space.

The cell could not release any energy from the glucosemolecule.

Glucose could not be broken down into pyruvate.

Which molecules transport electrons from the citric acid cycleto the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH₂

ATP and ADP

GTP and GDP

oxaloacetate and citric acid

None of the answers are correct.

Which type of reactions control the energy release from glucoseduring the citric acid cycle?

acid-base reactions

redox reactions

random reactions

All answers are correct.

None of the answers are correct.

What is the role of NAD⁺ in cellular respiration?

to receive electrons from the citric acid cycle and deliver themto the electron transport chain

to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP

to accumulate in the mitochondrial intermembrane space tofacilitate ATP synthesis

to serve as a substrate to bind to acetyl-CoA at the beginningof the citric acid cycle

None of the answers are correct.

10.

Which molecule enters the citric acid cycle?

glucose

pyruvate

ATP

acetyl-CoA

None of the answers are correct.

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Which of the following is common to both aerobic and anaerobicmicrobes?

	Fermentation
	An electron transport chain
	Pyruvate oxidation
	Glycolysis
	All of the above

The primary purpose of catabolism is

	generation of ADP.
	generation of ATP.
	oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺.
	degradation of organic molecules.
	biosynthesis.

What is a fate of pyruvate during alcoholic fermentation byyeast?

	It is reduced to lactic acid.
	It is oxidized to form glucose and carbon dioxide
	It is cleaved to form acetylaldehyde and carbon dioxide.
	It is catabolized in glycolysis.
	It is oxidized to form lactic acid and carbon dioxide.

Electrons needed to reduce an oxidized electron acceptor areprovided by

	a) externally provided compounds such asH<sub>2</sub>, lactate or formate.
	b) an intermediate electron carrier such as NADH.
	c) 0<sub>2</sub>.
	d) Both a and b
	e) All of the above

How are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respirationsimilar?

	Both use oxygen as a terminal electron carrier.
	These are other names for glycolysis.
	Both utilize inorganic molecules as terminal electronacceptors.
	Neither receives electrons from glycolysis.
	Anaerobic respiration does not exist in microbes.

The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) topyruvate

	a) releases CO<sub>2</sub>.
	b) involves the conversion of ADP and ATP.
	c) involves substrate-level phosphorylation.
	d) Both a and b
	e) Both b and c

Which of the following is the best definition offermentation?

	The reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid
	The complete catabolism of glucose to CO₂ andH₂O
	The oxidation of a carbohydrate with organic molecules servingas electron donors and acceptors
	The production of ATP from glucose
	The production of ethanol from glucose

A reaction that yields energy has a

	positive ?G_o?.
	negative ?G_o?.
	positive ?E_o?.
	negative ?E_o?.
	negative ?H_o?.

Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupledbecause

	a) electrons generally accompany protons.
	b) protons generally accompany protons.
	c) electrons cannot exist free in solution.
	d) Both a and b
	e) All of the above

10.

Which of the following is true of aerobic respiration?

	It involves the reduction of oxygen.
	It involves the oxidation of oxygen.
	It involves the reduction of lactic acid.
	It involves the oxidation of lactic acid.
	It does not generate ATP.

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BIOCH200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Atp Synthase, Active Transport, Electrochemical Gradient

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