BIOCH200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Glycogen, Hepatocyte, Light-Independent Reactions
Metabolic Pathways
❏Series of enzyme catalyzed reactions
❏Purpose; make specific molecules that the cell needs to live and/or grow, and obtain usable
chemical energy from the environment.
❏Break large molecules to small ones and release energy
❏Make large molecules from smaller ones.
ATP used for
1. Muscle Contraction
2. Respiration → ETC
3. Driving Synthesis
4. Powering Transport
Nucleotides play a central role → Electron Carriers
1. Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) → 2 bases
2. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) → 2 bases.
★Nitrogen base enables them to undergo reversible reduction (nicotinamide and flavin not the
adenine base).
Definitions
❏Proton → H+ → no electrons
❏Hydrogen Atom → H (no charge) → 1 electron
❏Hydride ion → H- → 2 Electrons
NAD
❏Has a negative net charge → Positive tells us its binding in one hydrogen (accepts 2 e-)
❏NADPH is high energy because it gives up electron → energy released.
❏NAD+ IS NOT HIGH ENERGY
FAD
❏FAD + H +H → FADH2
❏Accepts as 2 electrons (2H)
❏FAD+ IS NOT HIGH ENERGY.
DiNucleotide created through
❏Phosphodiester bond
❏Phosphoanhydride bonds
Reduction of cofactors (Half reactions):
❏Have to be reversible
Catabolism and Anabolism
❏Catabolic → Large molecules broken into smaller → Release energy → Oxidative (electrons
removed)
❏Generates reduced cofactors
❏Anabolic → Small molecules built into larger ones → electrons used to make new bonds.
❏Generates oxidized cofactors.
❏CAC, Calvin Cycle are Amphibolic
❏Glycolysis is catabolic
Storage
❏Carbohydrates stored as glycogen in liver → hepatocytes and in the skeletal muscle → myocytes.
Free Energy Changes
❏Enthalpy is the delta g = G products - G reactants
❏Biochemical Standard state = RTln(Keq)
❏Free energy does not indicate how fast a reaction is occuring.
❏Free energy can be positive or negative
Document Summary
Purpose; make specific molecules that the cell needs to live and/or grow, and obtain usable chemical energy from the environment. Break large molecules to small ones and release energy. Atp used for: muscle contraction, respiration etc, driving synthesis, powering transport. Nucleotides play a central role electron carriers: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad+) 2 bases, flavin adenine dinucleotide (fad) 2 bases. Nitrogen base enables them to undergo reversible reduction (nicotinamide and flavin not the adenine base). Hydrogen atom h (no charge) 1 electron. Hydride ion h- 2 electrons. Has a negative net charge positive tells us its binding in one hydrogen (accepts 2 e-) Nadph is high energy because it gives up electron energy released. Catabolic large molecules broken into smaller release energy oxidative (electrons. Anabolic small molecules built into larger ones electrons used to make new bonds. Carbohydrates stored as glycogen in liver hepatocytes and in the skeletal muscle myocytes. Enthalpy is the delta g = g products - g reactants.