BIOL107 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Symbiogenesis, Cell Membrane, Prokaryote

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pinkworm218

17 Oct 2017

School

University of Alberta

Department

Biology (Biological Sciences)

Course

BIOL107

Professor

michaelharrington

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Cells is formed from putting stuff (dna and enzymes) in it. When cells come in contact with (cid:449)ater, they (cid:449)ill (cid:373)ake a little (cid:272)ir(cid:272)ular (cid:862)(cid:272)o(cid:374)tai(cid:374)ers(cid:863) that ha(cid:448)e e(cid:374)zy(cid:373)es i(cid:374) it. Prokaryotic cells dna, plasma membrane and enzymes. In-folding of plasma membrane creates nucleus and other internal organelles. Origin of mitochondria eukaryotic cell consumed a bacterium and never digest it but finally they both benefited from it and have been living together ever since. Tick cells are dangerous because of the bacteria inside of it: mitochondria grows and divides by itself and use its own chromosomes and ribosomes to make some of its proteins. However, most of their proteins are from free ribosomes: mitochondria does receive vesicles, the proteins needed to be transported through free ri(cid:271)oso(cid:373)es (si(cid:374)(cid:272)e (cid:373)ito(cid:272)ho(cid:374)dria is(cid:374)"t part of the endomembrane system). The transportation of proteins from free ribosomes (80s) is done through active transport. Internal ribosomes in mitochondria are 55s: this applies to chloroplasts too.

Related Questions

What are the three components of the cell theory?

Of what is the cell membrane is mainly composed?

TRUE or FALSE: A prokaryotic cell has a nucleus.

TRUE or FALSE: An eukaryotic cell does not have membrane-bounded organelles.

Most organelles can be found in both in plants and animals. What three organelles are unique to plants?

What organelles can only be found in animal cells?

Which of the following contains digestive enzymes?

TRUE or FALSE: In most mammals, the DNA found in mitochondria is inherited from the mother only.

TRUE or FALSE: Flagella are not found on eukaryotic cells.

How do phospholipids interact with water to form the cell membrane?

TRUE or FALSE: All living things have a plasma membrane and a cell wall.

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

What is the example of potential energy that was given in the lecture notes?

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

What is entropy?

What is an exergonic reaction?

What is an endergonic reaction?

TRUE or FALSE: An enzyume is an organic molecule (usually a protein) that catalyzes a cellular reaction.

How does an enzyme work?

What is the region of an enzyme that binds the substrate?

TRUE or FALSE: Phagocytosis is an example of bulk transport.

TRUE or FALSE: Osmosis involves the movement of water only.

What is competitive inhibition?

What is non-competitive inhibition?

What is the energy currency of our bodies?

How do particles move in passive transport?

How do particles move in active transport?

Which type of plastid stores starch?

The largest amount of DNA is localized to the ________ in both bacteria and archaea.

Which organelle creates the lysosome?

Which component of the endomembrane system modifies proteins?

Which is the hereditary material of life?

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes to break down ingested bacteria?

In non-competitive inhibition (allosteric regulation), where does the inhibitor bind?

According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can neither be ________ nor ________ .

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

sangriarat617

__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.

Lysosomes

Endosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleosomes

Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?

rapid rate of reproduction

all of the above

ability to grow under controlled conditions

amenability to genetic manipulation

By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________.

ribosomes.

a nucleus.

membrane bilayers.

replication machinery.

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.

intensity

absorption

wavelength

filtering

Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules ____________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

generate contractile forces

can rapidly reorganize

are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells

are intermediate in thickness

Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?

cell division

cell motility

vesicle transport

membrane support

DNA and RNA are different types of nucleic acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but not true of RNA?

It contains thymine.

It has 5'-to-3' directionality.

It is single-stranded.

It contains uracil.

Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ____________________.

prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms.

limit the rotation of the bonded atoms.

create a new arrangement of electron shells.

change the reactivity of the bonded atoms.

Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.

mammal

amphibian

bird

insect

10.

If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35S have, respectively?

16, 19, 17

16, 19, 15

16, 19, 16

16, 20, 15

11.

Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?

cell

organelle

protein

DNA

12.

Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactions also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable?

the concentration of each molecule

the size of each molecule

surface complementarity between molecules

the rate of synthesis

13.

Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?

E. coli

S. pombe

C. elegans

D. melanogaster

14.

Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets?

cholesterol

isoprene

triacylglycerol

palmitic acid

15.

Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are __________________.

anaerobes.

viruses.

parasites.

endosymbionts.

16.

Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material âburnedâ and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration?

17.

Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?

BIOL107 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Symbiogenesis, Cell Membrane, Prokaryote

BIOL107 Full Course Notes

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