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BIOL107 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Transfer Rna, Asparagine, Release Factor

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lemonant671
1 Feb 2018
School
University of Alberta
Department
Biology (Biological Sciences)
Course
BIOL107
Professor
Warren Gallin

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BIOL107 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary

So far we"ve seen the information in dna nucleotide sequence and how that is maintained from parent to daughter cell. We"ve seen how the process of transcription makes transient rna copies of the information in individual genes on the dna double helix. We"ve seen how eukaryotes process and edit primary transcripts to create the mature. Rna that is physiologically functional in the cell. The next step is to understand how information as nucleotide sequences gets translated into information in the sequence of amino acids in a protein trna. Transfer rna is the decoding key for the information in mrna. One end of molecule has anticodon that forms complementary base pairs with a particular codon. Other end of molecule has an amino acid, corresponding to the matching codon, covalently attached to the 3"-oh of the nucleotide at the end of the trna. The anticodon of the trna forms a short base-paired match with the codon in the.

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Related Questions

20. Identify four uses for transgenic organisms. The next groupof questions are based on the following information: DNA templatemolecule is: 5 prime (5') end: A-G-C-T-A-T-C-T-A-C-G-A: 3 prime(3') end

21. What will be produced by DNA replication? (Start from the 5prime end and list each complementary DNA base in order all the wayto the 3 prime end.)

22. What is the mRNA that will be produced. (Again start fromthe 5 prime end and list each complementary RNA base in order allthe way to the 3 prime end.) template)

23. What is the tRNA anticodon that will be needed to match thefirst mRNA codon in the sequence written for the answer to theprevious question?

24. What is the sequence of amino acids that will be produced bytranslating the mRNA sequence written for the answer to twoquestions above? (Read codons left to right)

26. How many codons are contained in the mRNA in the question22?

If one is testing a goodness of fit to a 9:3:3:1 ratio, how many degrees of freedom would be associated with the Chi-square?

1

2

3

4

not enough information to determine

Which of the following choices does not describe a type of posttranslational modification of proteins?

The amino terminal methionine may be removed.
Glycoproteins are produced by the attachment of phosphates to newly synthesized proteins.
Precursor proteins are cleaved and trimmed by protease enzymes to produce a functional protein.
Molecular chaperones help proteins fold correctly.
Amino acids in the amino terminal of the protein can be acetylated.

A eukaryotic DNA sequence that affects transcription at distant promoters is called a(n)

long distance promotor
regulator
operon
enhancer

DNA methylation may be a significant mode of genetic regulation in eukaryotes. Meythylation refers to

altering RNA polymerase activity by adding methyl-groups
changes in DNA-DNA hydrogen bonding
altering translation activity via methylated tRNAs
adding methyl groups to certain cytosines in DNA

If a nucleotide lacks a 3’-OH group, what will happen?

it’s transformed into RNA
another nucleotide can bond at the 3’ site during replication
replication will halt
no effect

Which of the following describe posttranscriptional modifications commonly seen in mRNA of eukaryotes?

5’ capping, 3’-poly-A tail addition, splicing
3’ capping, 5’ poly-A tail addition, splicing
heteroduplex formation
5’ capping, 3’polyA tail addition, removal of exons

In birds, females are the heterogametic sex. This means that

females have chromosomes in pairs.
emales produce eggs.
females determine the gender of their offspring.

males have two identical sex chromosomes (ZZ)

An anticodon on a tRNA has the sequence 5'–GCA–3'. What would be the effect on translation if the G in the anticodon were mutated to a U?

The anticodon could pair to the serine codon 5'–UCA–3', and a cysteine would be incorporated at all points where a serine should have been incorporated.
The anticodon could pair to the threonine codon 5'–ACU–3', and a threonine would be incorporated at all points where a cysteine should have been incorporated.
The anticodon could pair to the serine codon 5'–AGU–3', and a serine would be incorporated at all points where a cysteine should have been incorporated.
The anticodon could pair to the stop codon 5'–UGA–3', and instead of stopping translation, a cysteine would be incorporated and translation could continue.

DNA Structure and Function LabReport

  1. DNA Structure
  2. Which two scientists are credited with discovering DNA?
  1. Name the nitrogen bases that are purines.
  1. Which nitrogen base pairs with thymine?
  1. List the three components of a nucleotide.
  1. DNA Replication
  2. What is the purpose of DNA replication?
  1. How many times does replication occur in the life of acell?
  1. In the Lab, Exercise 2, the original strand on the left had thebases shown below. Input the new bases that correctly pair with theoriginal strand.

Original

New

C

A

G

T
  1. RNA Structure
  1. Describe the structure and function of RNA.
  1. Refer to Exercise 3 and record the bases of the RNA strandproduced from the replicated DNA strand.

DNA

RNA

C

A

G

T

  1. Record the differences between DNA and RNA in the tablebelow.

DNA

RNA

Sugars

Bases

Strands

  1. RNA Synthesis

  1. The process of assembling RNA is called _________.
  1. How is replication different from transcription?
  1. Refer to Exercise 4. Write the letters for the base sequence ofmRNA in the spaces below DNA. Note that the order is reversed;start with the 3’ end of the DNA strand and the 5’ end of the mRNAstrand. Transcription is DNA to mRNA. Note RNA contains Uracilinstead of Thymine; There is no thymine in RNA.

DNA

3’

C

G

T

C

G

T

C

C

A

A

T

T

5’

mRNA

5’

3’

  1. Protein Synthesis

  1. What type of RNA provides amino acids to build polypeptidechains?

  1. If a mRNA strand has the bases 5’ CUC 3’, what amino acid willbe translated? Refer to the printable chart in Exercise 5.

  1. Where in the cell does translation occur?
  1. Genes

  1. What could be the problem if there is a change in the basesequence of a gene as it is passed down to the offspring?
  1. Give an example of a disorder that results from changes in theamino acid sequence.
  1. What causes sickle cell anemia?
  1. Gene Cloning
  1. What is the function of a plasmid?
  1. Print the document from Lab, Exercise 6. Complete the activityalong with the video demonstration. Sign, date, and take an imageof your final product and include with this lab report.