HE ED110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Enzyme, Menopause, Bloating
21 Jun 2018
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Chapter 8
Learning Objectives
1. Explain what cancer is and how it spreads
2. List and describe common cancers: their risk factors, signs and symptoms, treatments,
and approaches to prevention
3. Discuss some of the causes of cancer and how they can be avoided or minimized
Learning Objectives
4. Describe how cancer can be detected, diagnosed, and treated
5. List specific actions you can take to lower your risk of cancer
Cancer
The leading cause of death in Canada
In Canada, cancer is responsible for one in four deaths
75,000 deaths annually
1,450 deaths each week
520 diagnoses each day
Leading cause of disease-related death among people under age 65
Many cancers could be prevented
What is Cancer?
An abnormal and uncontrolled multiplication of cells that can lead to death
A tumour (neoplasm) is a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose
What is Cancer?
◦A benign (non-cancerous) tumour is a mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that
prevents their penetration of other tissues
◦A malignant (cancerous) tumour has the ability to invade surrounding tissues
◦Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to grow and divide when it
should not
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Metastasis
The spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
Primary tumour
The original location of cancer
Metastasizing
The traveling and seeding process of cancerous cells
Secondary tumours
New tumours resulting from metastases
Types of Cancer
The behavior of malignant tumors arising in different body organs is characteristic of the
tissue of origin
Classified according to types of cells that give rise to them
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Lymphomas
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Leukemias
Types of Cancer
Carcinomas
Arise from epithelia
Sarcomas
Arise from connective and fibrous tissues
Lymphomas
Cancers of the lymph nodes
Leukemia
Cancers of blood-forming cells
The Incidence of Cancer
In Canada in 2014, approximately 93,600 women and 97,000 men were expected to be
diagnosed with cancer
The Canadian Cancer Society estimates that the five-year survival rate for all cancers
that were diagnosed between 2006 and 2008 was 63%
At current Canadian incident rates, nearly 46% of men and 41% of women will develop
cancer at some point in their lives
The Incidence of Cancer
Researchers estimate that 78% of skin cancer could be prevented; 85% of lung cancer
could be prevented by avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke.
Improved diet and controlled body weight may decrease the cases of colon, breast, and
uterine cancer
Regular screenings and self-examinations have the potential to save an additional
100,000 lives per year
Lung Cancer
Incidence
14% of all new cancer diagnoses
Most common cause of cancer death in Canada (388/week); leading cause of
cancer death in women
Risk Factors
Smoking
Exposure to other carcinogens (asbestos, pollutants) and environmental tobacco
smoke (ETS)
Detection and Treatment
Symptoms do not typically appear until an invasive stage
Persistent cough, chest pain, recurring bronchitis
Radiation and chemotherapy treatments; may go into remission
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Risk Factors
Third most common type of cancer in Canada
Age, heredity, polyps, chronic bowel inflammation, type 2 diabetes, lifestyle
(excessive alcohol & tobacco), diet (red & processed meats)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Learning objectives: describe how cancer can be detected, diagnosed, and treated, list specific actions you can take to lower your risk of cancer. The leading cause of death in canada. In canada, cancer is responsible for one in four deaths. Leading cause of disease-related death among people under age 65. An abnormal and uncontrolled multiplication of cells that can lead to death. A tumour (neoplasm) is a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose. What is cancer: a benign (non-cancerous) tumour is a mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration of other tissues, a malignant (cancerous) tumour has the ability to invade surrounding tissues. Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to grow and divide when it should not. The spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another. The traveling and seeding process of cancerous cells.
