HIST 261: Confederation 1
Confederation: 1867
January 8th 2014
*Fort Edmonton 1867: British Fort, flying Union Jack (Canada was it’s own country, but not everyone
noticed a difference)
British North America Act: passed in London, officially proclaimed on July 1, 1867
● Dominion: Provinces agreed to united as a federation, a dominion, without changing their
allegiance to the crown.
● Province of Canada (Canada West and Canada East): became Ontario and Quebec
● Province of Canada united with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Very good for Province of
Canada and to British crown.
○ creating a country that would deal with local issues (roads, banks, etc.)
○ separated Canada East and West (solving internal issues)
○ Britain wanted to lessen it’s grip on it’s colonies (very expensive)
Reasons for Confederation
● The government in the province of Canada wasn’t working, confederation seemed like a good
solution
● maritime provinces were already thinking of joining, Canada asked to come watch the
conference, and took it over to pitch their idea of coalition between Canada and the Maritime
● External Factors:
○ Era of Nation Building
■ US Civil War (1861 1865)
■ Large nations were militarily and economically advantageous
○ British Investors
■ British supported Confederation, wanted colonies to unite, was more focused
on India
■ Investors had invested heavily into the Province of Canada, especially the
railways.
○ End of British Mercantilism
■ became more interested in Free Trade
■ End of Corn Laws, end of Navigation Acts
■ Signed Free Trade deal with US, 1866: ended because North US believed
Canada and Britain favoured south in Civil War
● Canada began to focus on East West trade.
○ Britain Supported Confederation
■ wanted Canada to defend itself, was focused on India, wanted less expenses
○ US Civil War (18611865)
■ Britain claimed to be neutral, actions suggested they supported confederates. HIST 261: Confederation 2
■ US was a military threat to Canada
○ Fenian Threat
■ IrishCatholics: Fenian brotherhood
■ wanted to liberate Ireland from British Control/wanted to otherthrow Britain
■ couldn’t cross the Atlantic because Britain controlled the seas. Planned to hold
colonies ransom and do a trade.
■ 1866: raid in New Brunswick
■ Threat of Fenian Raids encouraged confederation (specifically due to the
railway and military aid)
■ Irish Protestant: Orange Order
Key People
George Brown: reform leader of Canada west
● leader of clear grits
● for most of his political life: anticatholic, antifrench
○ him pushing for coalition was a big step for confederation (After getting married to
Anne, a scottish women, he stopped pressing for British control)
John A. Macdonald:
● leader of conservatives from Canada West
GeorgeEtienne Cartier
● leader of bleu in Canada East
Confederation in the provinces of Canada and the Maritimes
Coalition aimed to separate provinces so provinces could have autonomy, but have a federal
government.
George Brown, John A. Mcdonald, and George Etienne Cartier attended the conference on maritime
union in 1864 and proposed coalition instead.
● Canadian observers actually outnumbered martimers
● Convincing the maritimes wasn’t easy: Canada absorbed debt, promise of trade and railways
Creating the Constitution
● Charlottetown Conference, September 1864
● Quebec Conference, October 1864
○ agreed on 72 resolutions HIST 261: Confederation 3
○ Federal government was to be responsible for defense, currency, international trade,
transportation, communications, peace, order, and good government (POGG). →
national jurisdiction for national needs
○ left province with autonomy over education, social welfare, property rights, local
matters, (Quebec had control over French rights instead of federal government.)
More
Less